Purpose: Uncertainty exists about whether early laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is an appropriate surgical treatment for acute calculous cholecystitis. This study aimed to compare early vs. late LC for acute calculous cholecystitis regarding intraoperative difficulty and postoperative outcomes. Methods: This was a prospective randomized study carried out between December 2015 and June 2017; 60 patients with acute calculous cholecystitis were divided into two groups (early and delayed groups), each comprising 30 patients. Thirty patients treated with LC within 3 to 5 days of arrival at the hospital were assigned to the early group. The other 30 patients were placed in the delayed group, first treated conservatively, and followed by LC 3 to 6 weeks later. Results: The conversion rates in both groups were 6.7% and 0%, respectively (p = 0.143). The operating time was 56.67 ± 11.70 minutes in the early group and 75.67 ± 20.52 minutes in the delayed group (p = 0.001), and both groups observed equal levels of postoperative complications. Early LC patients, on the other hand, required much fewer postoperative hospital stay (3.40 ± 1.99 vs. 6.27 ± 2.90 days, p = 0.006). Conclusion Considering shorter operative time and hospital stay without significant increase of open conversion rates, early LC might have benefits over late LC.

Present study was undertaken to study the effect of cypermethrin on oxidative stress after chronic dermal application. The insecticide was applied dermally at 50 mg/kg body weight in different groups of Wistar rats of either sex weighing 150~200 g. Significant (p < 0.05) increase in catalase activity was observed after 30 days of exposure. However, the superoxide dismutase activity declined significantly after 60 days of exposure. The activity of glutathione peroxidase and blood glutathione levels declined significantly (p < 0.05) after 30 days of cypermethrin dermal application. However, the activity of glutathione S-transferase increased significantly (p < 0.05) in all groups after 60 days of dermal exposure. Significant increase in lipid peroxidation was observed from 30 days onwards and reached a peak after 120 days of application.
Administration, Cutaneous ; Animals ; Female ; Glutathione/blood ; Insecticides/*toxicity ; Lipid Peroxidation/*drug effects ; Male ; Oxidative Stress/*drug effects ; Oxidoreductases/metabolism ; Pyrethrins/*toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

Amikacin is a semisynthetic derivative of kanamycin and primarily active against aerobic Gram-negative-pathogens with limited activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Meager study was reported on pharmacokinetic data on multi-days administration of amikacin. Hence, pharmacokinetics study was done in five clinically healthy goats (n = 5), after intravenous bolus injection of amikacin sulfate at the dose rate of 10 mg/kg body weight daily for three consecutive days. The amikacin concentrations in plasma and pharmacokinetics-parameters were analyzed by using microbiological assay technique and noncompartmental open-model, respectively. The mean peak plasma concentrations (Mean +/- SD) of amikacin at time zero (Cp0) was 114.19 +/- 20.78 and 128.67 +/- 14.37 microg/mL, on day 1st and 3rd, respectively. The mean elimination half-life (t(1/2)ke) was 1.00 +/- 0.28 h on day 1st and 1.22 +/- 0.29 h on day 3rd. Mean of area under concentration-time curve (AUC(0-->infinity)) was 158.26 +/- 60.10 and 159.70 +/- 22.74 microg.h/mL, on day 1st and 3rd respectively. The total body clearance (ClB) and volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) on day 1st and 3rd were ClB = 0.07 +/- 0.02 and 0.06 +/- 0.01 L/h.kg and Vdss = 0.10 +/- 0.03 and 0.11 +/- 0.05 L/kg, respectively. No-significant difference was noted in both drug-plasma concentration and pharmacokinetics-parameters, respectively. Amikacin concentration in plasma was found higher up-to 4 h and 6 h onward on down-ward trends favour to reduce toxicity. Which also support the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic way of dosing of aminoglycosides and hence, amikacin may be administered 10 mg/kg intravenously daily to treat principally Gram-negative pathogens and limitedly Gram-positive-pathogens.
Amikacin ; Aminoglycosides ; Body Weight ; Goats ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; Half-Life ; Injections, Intravenous ; Kanamycin ; Plasma