No abstract available.
Paternity*

OBJECTIVETo analyze the rare alleles of D13S325 locus which fell in the size range of D12S391 locus with the STRtyper-10G kit.

METHODSGenotyping results of cases with suspected rare alleles of D13S325 were verified with Sinofiler(TM) kit and a singleplex amplification system. The rare alleles were separated and sequenced.

RESULTSFive families were detected with rare alleles of the D13S325 locus, which were misread as allele 20 of D12S391 locus. The alleles were named as 5.1 based on DNA sequences and have a frequency of 0.156 × 10(-2).

CONCLUSIONAs the rare allele 5.1 of D13S325 locus with the STRtyper-10G kit is prone to be mistyped, attention should be paid in the paternity testing, personal identification and DNA database search.

OBJECTIVETo formulate recommendations in calculation of paternity index in paternity testing under considering mutations.

METHODSDifferent formulas under considering mutations were developed according to Brenner method.

RESULTSDifferent formulas under considering mutations were obtained. Both true exclusion and false exclusion of paternity were easily distinguished using these formulas when the genetic pattern was inconsistent with paternity.

CONCLUSIONThe scientific evidence for paternity testing can be obtained using these formulas under considering mutations when both the combined probability of exclusion and the paternity index meet the threshold values. However, when either the combined probability of exclusion or the paternity index can not meet the threshold values, more genetic markers should be added.

In parentage testing DNA profiles are used to link the alleged father with paternity by matching their patterns. The probative value of a match is often calculated by multiplying together the estimated frequencies with which each particular VNTR or STR pattern occurs in a reference population. When this calculating method applies to the motherless case of paternity disputes, a calculation must usually be based on types determined for the child and the alleged father. In such case, the first consideration is to exclude a man from paternity of a child when the man did not have the child's paternal allele at some loci, or if the paternal allele cannot be determined, when the man had neither of the child s alleles. The second is to evaluate the DNA evidence when a man is not excluded by the paternal allele. This work is to provide theories of paternity analysis with three approach methods for the motherless case, and to evaluate their efficiency compared to the trio case when the man tested is not excluded. Consequently, the motherless case offers lower probability exclusion and questionable cumulative paternity index than those of the trio case as being typed with 14 STR loci(CSF1PO, TH01, TPDX, vWA, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, D16S539, FGA, D21S11, FES/FPS, F13A1, D18S80, D17S5). Since the motherless case in paternity disputes is less efficient for paternity exclusion of the child, the use of genetic maker systems with the higher value of mean exclusion chance(MEC) and exact levels of the relative probability of paternity must be of importance considered in the analysis of such deficiency cases.
Alleles ; Child ; Dissent and Disputes ; DNA ; Fathers ; Humans ; Paternity*

OBJECTIVES: To derive the paternity index (PI) calculation formula of the alleged father (AF) when the AF is a relative (parent/child, siblings, grandparent/grandchild, uncle/nephew, first cousins) of the child's biological mother. METHODS: For the case when the AF is related to the child's biological mother, the existence of the relationship in the numerator and denominator hypothesis of PI was considered. The genotype frequency of the AF was calculated by using the frequency formula in which the mother's genotype was considered, while the random male in the denominator was substituted as another relative of the mother's same rank. The PI calculation formula was derived to eliminate the effect of the relationship between AF and the child's biological mother. RESULTS: When the AF and the biological mother have first, second and tertiary kinship, a more conservative PI was obtained from the PI calculation formula derived in this study compared with the PI calculation method which did not consider kinship. CONCLUSIONS The calculation method provided in this study can eliminate the effect of the relation of the AF and mother on the PI in incest cases, to obtain more accurate and conservative identification conclusions.
Female ; Humans ; Male ; Child ; Paternity ; Mothers ; Genotype ; Fathers

OBJECTIVES: To derive general formulas for calculating commonly used kinship index (KI). METHODS: By introducing the Kronecker symbol, the formulas used to calculate the same KI under different genotype combinations were summarized into a unified expression. RESULTS: The general formulas were successfully derived for KI in various case situations, including the paternity index, full sibling index, half sibling index, avuncular index, grandpaternity index, first-cousin index, and second-cousin index between two individuals without or with the mother being involved; grandpaternity index between grandparents and a grandchild without or with the mother being involved; half sibling index between two children with two mothers being involved; full sibling index among three children; and half sibling index among three children with no, one, or two mothers being involved. CONCLUSIONS The general formulas given in this study simplify the calculation of KIs and facilitate fast and accurate calculation through programming.
Female ; Child ; Humans ; Paternity ; Siblings ; Genotype ; Mothers ; Models, Genetic

In order to determine paternity by genetic testing, the Paternity Index (PI) and probability of paternity are calculated using likelihood ratio method. However, when it is necessary, additional testing can be performed to validate the genetic relationship. This research demonstrates autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) results of Jeju Island population in order to determine genetic relationship. Two notable cases showed that despite the acceptable PI value obtained from STR testing, average of 12 mismatches were found in total of 169 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphism typing. Such cases imply that cautious statistical approach is necessary when determining genetic relationship, especially within an isolated population group. Moreover, this would suggest that a further research and investigation are needed in order to understand the population structure of Korea.
Genetic Testing ; Humans ; Korea ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Paternity* ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Population Groups

The four tetrameric STRs loci(HUMvWA31, HUMTHO1, HUMF13A1, HUMFES/FPS) were studied to confirm the allele frequency distribution and to see whether these results can be used for identity and paternity testing in a population o Koreans using multiplex PCR and laser-fluorescence detection method. In the Korean population (n=227), 8 alleles with their relative frequency range of 0.002-0.249 are detected in the HUMvWA31 locus, 6 alleles with those of 0.007-0.500 in 6 alleles with those of 0.004-0.434 in the HUMFES/FPS locus. The highest observed heterozygosity is found at the locus HUMvWA31(0.8077), with those of the lociively. All loci meet Hardy-Weinberg expectations ; there are good agreements between observed and expected heterozygosity, number of observed genotypes. Pairwise comparisons between loci show allelic independence for all the 4 loci. The power of discrimination (PD) determined for the locus HUMvWA31 is 0.933, that for the HUMTHO1 is 0.836, 0.798 for HUMF13A1, and 0.844 for the HUMFES/FPS ; the combined power of discrimination for the quadruplex is 0.9997. Thus, these allelic frequency distribution can be used to construct the database of the multiplex PCR-based DNA profile in the Korean population. The calculated parameter, "combined power of discrimination(PD)" show the informativeness of these loci for the determination of identity and relatedness of individuals.
Alleles ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; DNA ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Microsatellite Repeats* ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Paternity

Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy (PUPPP) is a common dermatosis of pregnancy which usually occurs in the third trimester and generally in that of primigravida. Clinical feature is characterized by tiny erythematous papules which soon coalesce to form large, erythematous plaques. It generally occurs in abdomen, buttocks, thighs and upper inner arms. Since 1979 when Lawley et al. first described and reported PUPPP, there has been a lot of reports on PUPPP but the etiology is still not known. Many etiologic factors were reported but paternity as an etiologic factor was rarely reported. We had a very rare case which showed paternity could be one of the possible etiologic factors and we would like to share our case though this report.
Abdomen ; Arm ; Buttocks ; Female ; Humans ; Paternity* ; Pregnancy Trimester, Third ; Pregnancy* ; Skin Diseases ; Thigh

Since the histocompatibility was discovered, we have studied and determined many HLA types till the last workshop held in Los Angeles, USA, 1980. Nowadays we apply HLA types to organ transplantation, transfusion of blood, identification of paternity, study of ethnology and diagnosis of a specific disease. In the present study, 20 cases of bronchial asthma and 15 atopic dermatitis patients were selected. HLA types, serum IgE values and eosinophil count were analized and the data were compared with that of control group. The results were as follows: 1) Eosinophilia appeared in both bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis 50% and 20% respectively. 2) The P-Values between the mean of serum IgE of bronchial asthma and control and atopic dermatitis and control were P<0.01 and P<0.05 respectively, which were statistically significant. 3) HLA type shows no statitically significant relationship between control group and bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis.
Asthma* ; Dermatitis, Atopic* ; Diagnosis ; Education ; Eosinophilia ; Eosinophils ; Ethnology ; Histocompatibility ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Organ Transplantation ; Paternity ; Transplants