No abstract available.
Diagnosis, Differential* ; Parkinson Disease, Secondary*

Secondary Parkinsonism caused by hypoparathyroidism in young patients has been rarely reported and the effectiveness of comprehensive rehabilitation management is widely varied. We experienced a case of 16 year old patient with secondary Parkinsonism caused by hypoparathyroidism, who has a chief complaint of progressive resting tremor and gait disturbance. At admission, the tremor subscore was 4 on the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS), the initial score of Korean-modified Barthel index (K-MBI) was 33 points and functional independence measure (FIM) was 52 points. Comprehensive rehabilitation consisted of oral antiparkinsonism drugs, range of motion exercise, motor control and coordination training, gait training with biofeedback, and activity daily living training were performed twice a day, 5 days a week. At one month after admission, she had more improved functional state. The tremor subscore was 2 on UPDRS, K-MBI was 72 points, and FIM was 89 points.
Biofeedback, Psychology ; Gait ; Humans ; Hypoparathyroidism ; Parkinson Disease ; Parkinson Disease, Secondary ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Tremor

Hemiparkinson-hemiatrophy (HP-HA) syndrome is a rare form of secondary parkinsonism. We present a case of a 19-year-old, left-handed man with subcortical heterotopia. He had hemiatrophy and hemiparkinsonian symptoms on his right side. We described the clinical, neuroradiological and neurophysiologic findings including transcranial magnetic stimulation study. These findings were compatible with HP-HA syndrome and his symptoms were markedly improved with levodopa treatment.
Humans ; Levodopa ; Parkinson Disease, Secondary ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ; Young Adult

There are a variety of different causes of parkinsonism including PD, secondary parkinsonism, and the parkinsonism plus syndromes. Secondary parkinsonism is caused by structural, toxic, metabolic, or infectious mechanisms. Among structural causes, intracranial neoplasms are a rare cause of secondary parkinsonism. Moreover, there are almost never case reports with intracranial space-occupying lesions resulting in parkinsonism associated with rapid cognitive impairment. Therefore, we report herein a 37-year-old woman diagnosed with papillary meningioma who presented with parkinsonism associated with rapidly progressive cognitive impairment mimicking diffuse Lewy body disease.
Adult ; Brain Neoplasms ; Dementia ; Female ; Humans ; Lewy Body Disease ; Meningioma ; Parkinson Disease, Secondary ; Parkinsonian Disorders

To study the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) on the nigral dopaminergic neurons in brain slices in vitro, immolunohistochemical technique was used to observe the changes of TH-stained neurons, including cell bodies and the dendrites, in the substantia nigra (SN) of midbrain slices of rats after incubation for 1 h in the presence of GSH 15 min before and during the period of incubation with 6-OHDA. The results showed that cell bodies remained intact but dendrites were fragmented and truncated after treatment with 6-OHDA. The antioxidant GSH alone did not significantly affect the dendrites of SN neurons but prevented 6-O-HDA-induced damage of dendrites. It was concluded that glutathione may prevent 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration and play a protective role in dopaminergic neurons.
Glutathione/*therapeutic use ; Neurons/pathology ; Oxidopamine ; Parkinson Disease, Secondary/chemically induced ; Parkinson Disease, Secondary/*drug therapy ; Random Allocation ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Substantia Nigra/pathology ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/metabolism

We experienced clinical improvement by clozapine(mean maintenance dosage: 100mg/day) and antiparkinsonian medication in 68-year-old man, diagnosed both secondary parkinsonism and delusional disorder. This result supports previous reports that clozapine may effectively treat parkinsonism with psychosis.
Aged ; Clozapine* ; Delusions* ; Humans ; Parkinson Disease, Secondary ; Parkinsonian Disorders* ; Psychotic Disorders ; Schizophrenia, Paranoid*

Hemiparkinsonism with hemiatrophy (HP-HA) syndrome is characterized by a predominant unilateral parkisonism associated with ipsilateral body and/or contralateral brain abnormality. We report three cases of Hemiparkinsonism- hemiatrophy, which is a rare form of secondary parkinsonism. One patient revealed motor complication in the involved limb suggesting that the degeneration of nigrostriatal pathway as the underlying mechanism in this disorder. The functional neuro-imaging can play an important role to verify the cortical abnormalities when structural changes are not evident in brain MRI.
Brain ; Extremities ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neuroimaging ; Parkinson Disease, Secondary ; Parkinsonian Disorders

Substantial evidence strongly implies that sensory gating P50 (also called P50 auditory evoked potential, P50) and dopaminergic neurotransmitters are related. In animal experiment, P50 can be recorded in an awake and quiet state with freedom of movement. Until now there is lack of animal experimental data on the supportive effect of estrogen on function of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra (SN) in physiological state. In the present study, female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used as subjects. The animals were divided randomly into four groups: (1) control group (normal animals); (2) Parkinson's disease (PD) model group: the right SN was lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA); (3) PD model with bilateral ovariectomized group (OVX-PD): bilateral ovariectomy was performed before administration with 6-OHDA; (4) estrogen + PD model with bilateral ovariectomized group (OVX-E(2)-PD): physiological dose of estrogen was given to the bilateral ovariectomy animals before administration with 6-OHDA. P50 induced by two brief acoustic stimuli were recorded in the right SN and the number of TH(+) dopaminergic neurons in the SN stained by immunohistochemistry was calculated after the determination of P50. The results showed that in the PD model group, the testing/conditioning (T/C) ratio of P50 decreased by 40.60% and the number of TH(+) cells in the right SN decreased by 64.74% as compared with that in the control group (P<0.01); In the OVX-PD group, the T/C ratio of P50 decreased by 45.88% and the number of TH(+) cells was reduced by 57.26% as compared with that in the PD group (P<0.01). Administration with 6-OHDA into the SN pars compacta of ovariectomized rats caused more decrease in the number of TH(+) cells as well as more damage to the function of sensory gating in SN. While in OVX-E(2)-PD group, intramuscular injection with estrogen at physiological dose 3 d before 6-OHDA administration decreased the degree of damage to the SN functionally and morphologically, and its degree of injury corresponded to PD group. These results indicate that the mechanism of protection of dopaminergic neurons in the SN provided by physiological level of estrogen is by promoting the resistibility of the neurons to harmful stimulation. If the gonads are resected resulting in a lack of estrogen, the degree of injury to the function and morphology of dopaminergic neurons in SN induced by 6-OHDA increases. Replacement of estrogen at physiological level on time is necessary. Sensory gating P50 in SN may reflect dynamically the protection of estrogen against dopaminergic neurons depletion in vivo.
Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dopaminergic Neurons ; drug effects ; Estrogens ; pharmacology ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory ; Female ; Neuroprotective Agents ; pharmacology ; Ovariectomy ; Oxidopamine ; adverse effects ; Parkinson Disease ; physiopathology ; Parkinson Disease, Secondary ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Substantia Nigra ; cytology ; drug effects

To study the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) on the nigral dopaminergic neurons in brain slices in vitro, immolunohistochemical technique was used to observe the changes of TH-stained neurons, including cell bodies and the dendrites, in the substantia nigra (SN) of midbrain slices of rats after incubation for 1 h in the presence of GSH 15 min before and during the period of incubation with 6-OHDA. The results showed that cell bodies remained intact but dendrites were fragmented and truncated after treatment with 6-OHDA. The antioxidant GSH alone did not significantly affect the dendrites of SN neurons but prevented 6-O-HDA-induced damage of dendrites. It was concluded that glutathione may prevent 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration and play a protective role in dopaminergic neurons.
Animals ; Glutathione ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Neurons ; pathology ; Oxidopamine ; Parkinson Disease, Secondary ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Substantia Nigra ; pathology ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase ; metabolism

Parkinsonism secondary to intracranial mass lesions usually results from compression or distortion of the basal ganglia. Secondary parkinsonism due to midbrain infiltration or compression is rare and generally associated with other neurologic signs caused by pyramidal tract and/or cranial nerve involvement. We report a case of 30-year-old woman in whom mild parkinsonism was the major clinical manifestation of an astrocytoma in the anterior third ventricle and hypothalamus. She underwent surgical resection, ventriculoperitoneal shunt and radiation therapy. All symptoms of parkinsonism were completely recovered 3 months after the treatment. Brain tumors can be manifested only by the symptoms of parkinsonism. This case emphasizes the significance of neuroimaging in the evaluation of parkinsonism.
Adult ; Astrocytoma ; Basal Ganglia ; Brain Neoplasms ; Cranial Nerves ; Female ; Humans ; Hypothalamus ; Mesencephalon ; Neuroimaging ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Parkinson Disease, Secondary ; Parkinsonian Disorders ; Pyramidal Tracts ; Third Ventricle ; Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt