Objective: To find the genuine structure with anti-acetylcholinesterase(anti-AChE)from the phenolic glycosides abundant in Leonurus japonicus(Lamiaceae).The assay for anti-AChE activity is often used to lead anti-Alzheimer's drugs. Methods: The five phenolic glycosides, tiliroside, leonurusoside C, 2'''-syringoylrutin, rutin, and lavanduliofolioside were isolated from L. japonicus. The activities of the glycosides were relatively low. Seven compounds including p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, hydroxytyrosol, salidroside, syringic acid, kaempferol, and quercetin, which are produced by the hydrolysis of the five glycosides, were also assayed for anti-AChE activity. Results: Of those seven compounds, the five compounds other than salidroside and syringic acid exhibited potent anti-AChE activities.In particular,the IC50s of caffeic acid and quercetin were (1.05 ± 0.19)and (3.58 ± 0.02)μg/mL, respectively. Rutin was the most abundant flavonoid in the extract(9.18 mg/g as measured by HPLC). Conclusion: The substances with potent anti-AChE were caffeic acid, quercetin, p-coumaric acid, kaempferol, and hydroxytyrosol that can be produced from their glycosides.

The herbs of Lamium takesimense Nakai (Lamiaceae) is used to treat spasmodic and inflammatory disease. The four polar compounds, ecdysterone, isoacteoside, rutin and lamiuside C, were isolated and identified from the BuOH fraction of the L. takesimense MeOH extract. HPLC quantification was performed on a Capcell Pak C18 column (5 µm, 4.6 mm × 250 mm) with a gradient elution of H₂O and 0.05% acetic acid in MeOH. The HPLC method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, stability, precision, and accuracy. The quantitative level in plant material was determined as the following order: lamiuside C (4, 3.75 mg/g dry weight) > ecdysterone (1, 1.93 mg/g) > isoacteoside (2, 1.32 mg/g) > rutin (3, 0.97 mg/g).
Acetic Acid ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Ecdysone ; Ecdysterone ; Glycosides ; Lamiaceae ; Methods ; Phenol ; Plants ; Rutin

The CT findings and their differential points were evaluated by reviewing the CT scans of 47 patients with destructive lesions of vertebral bodies which included tuberculous spondylitis(23), pyogenic infection(9), syphilitic spondylitis(1) and malignant lesions(14). Twenty-one(91.3%) of 23 patients with tuberculous spondylitis showed mixed osteolytic and osteosclerotic patterns of bony destruction. Six(66.7%) of 9 patients with pyogenic infection and 10(71.4%) of 14 malignant lesions showed osteolytic pattern of bony destruction. Thirty(90.9%) of 33 infections lesions including pyogenic infection and tuberculous spondylitis involved intervertebral disc, while the involvement of intervertebral disc was not found in malignant lesions. The Swisscheese appearance of bony destruction was commonly seen in tuberculous spondylitis, but pyogenic infections and malignant lesions more commonly revealed geographic or moth-eaten appearance. The sequestral pattern and sclerotic rims in and around bony destruction were mainly seen in tuberculous spondylitis, and they were thought to be specific findings in tuberculous spondylitis. CT of the spine appears to offer the detailed findings of vertebral body destruction and may be a useful adjunct in differentiation between tuberculous spondylitis, pyogenic infections and malignant lesions of the spine.
Diagnosis, Differential* ; Humans ; Inflammation* ; Intervertebral Disc ; Spine ; Spondylitis ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Compositional differences in flavonoids are varied in the big family of Compositae. By summarizing our previous analytical studies and other scientific evidences, new strategy will be possible to further analyze flavonoids and utilize them for human health. The HPLC analytical method has been established in terms of linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. Herbs of the family of Compositae have considerable amounts of peroxynitrite (ONOO-)-scavenging effects and their phenolic substances. These effects may contribute to the prevention of disease associated with excess production of ONOO-, depending on the high content of flavonoid substances.
Asteraceae* ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Flavonoids ; Humans ; Peroxynitrous Acid ; Phenol

The stem barks, heartwoods, and leaves of Acer tegmentosum (Aceraceae) are widely used in Korea to treat hepatic or cerebral disorders mainly due to alcohol poisoning. This study was aimed to analyze phenolic substances in A. tegmentosum. Quantitative analysis of the three phenolic substances (salidroside, (+)-catechin and scopoletin) was performed by HPLC and the identification of volatile phenolic substances were done by GC-MS. The contents of the three compounds in the three MeOH extracts were higher in the stem bark (salidroside: 80.22 mg/g, (+)-catechin: 23.31 mg/g, and scopoletin: 9.45 mg/g) compared to the heartwoods and leaves. And GC-MS analysis of the stem bark extract demonstrated that p-tyrosol is a main substance of twenty-one compounds identified.
Acer* ; Aceraceae ; Catechin ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid* ; Korea ; Phenol* ; Poisoning ; Scopoletin

The three flavone glycosides, 4′-O-methylisoscutellarein 7-O-(6‴-O-acetyl)-β-D-allopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), isoscutellarein 7-O-(6‴-O-acetyl)-β-D-allopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), and isoscutellarein 7-O-β-D-allopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (4) in addition to a flavonol glycoside, kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (astragalin, 2), were isolated from Stachys japonica (Lamiaceae). In cholinesterase inhibition assay, compound 1 significantly inhibited aceylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities (IC₅₀s, 39.94 µg/ml for AChE and 86.98 µg/ml for BChE). The content of isolated compounds were evaluated in this plant extract by HPLC analysis. Our experimental results suggest that the flavonoid glycosides of S. japonica could prevent the memory impairment of Alzheimer's disease.
Alzheimer Disease ; Butyrylcholinesterase ; Cholinesterases ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Glycosides ; Lamiaceae ; Memory ; Plants ; Stachys

Phytochemical studies were performed to identify the active principles of Phryma leptostachya var. asiatica (Phyrymaceae) for anti-inflammation. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by measuring the inhibition rate on nitric oxide (NO) formation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophage 264.7 cells. Of the five compounds including ursolic acid, phrymarolin I, harpagide, haedoxancoside A, and acteoside isolated from this plant, ursolic acid showed the most prominent inhibition of NO formation. Therefore, ursolic acid may be the anti-inflammatory principle of Phryma leptostachya var. asiatica.
Macrophages ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Nitric Oxide ; Plants

Lung cancer is one of the most common causative cancers worldwide. Particularly, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of all lung cancer cases. NSCLC is a serious form of lung cancer that requires prompt diagnosis, and the 5-year survival rate for patients with this disease is only 24%. Gibbosic acid H (GaH), a natural lanostanoid obtained from the Ganoderma species (Ganodermataceae), has antiproliferative activities against colon and lung cancer cells. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antiproliferative activity of GaH in NSCLC cells and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.GaH was found to induce G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and autophagy by activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in A549 and H1299 cells. The induction of this cell cycle arrest was associated with the downregulation of cyclin E1 and CDK2.Additionally, the induction of autophagy by GaH was correlated with the upregulation of LC3B, beclin-1, and p53 expression. GaH also induced apoptosis by upregulating cleaved caspase-3 and Bax in the lung cancer cells. These findings suggest that GaH has a potential in the growth inhibition of human lung cancer cells.

Lactuca raddeana (Compositae) is used to treat obesity and complications due to diabetes. The five phenolic compounds including chlorogenic acid, chicoric acid, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, luteolin 7-O-glucuronide, luteolin were qualitatively identified by LC-ESI-MS analysis. The contents were quantitatively determined by HPLC, under the condition of a Capcell Pak C18 column (5 microm, 250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d.) and a gradient elution of 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and 0.05% TFA in MeOH-H2O (60 : 40). The contents of chicoric acid (100.99 mg/g extract) and luteolin 7-O-glucoside (101. 69 mg/g extract) were high, while those of other three phenolic substances were very low. The 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells treated with chicoric acid and luteolin 7-O-glucuronide significantly suppressed the accumulation of fat, suggesting they are effective against obesity. Since high level of peroxynitrite (ONOO) causes cardiovascular disease in obese patients, its scavenging activity was also studied.
Adipocytes* ; Asteraceae ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Chlorogenic Acid ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Humans ; Luteolin ; Obesity ; Peroxynitrous Acid ; Phenol* ; Trifluoroacetic Acid

Several 19alpha-hydroxyursane-type triterpenoids and hydrolysable tannins have beneficial effects on human health. Rubus crataegifolius (Rosaceae) has the cleft simple leaf whereas R. parvifolius has pinnate compound leaves. This research was aimed to find the variation in the contents of the triterpenoids and tannins between the infected versus uninfected leaves of R. coreanus and R. parvifolius and between young versus mature leaves. Triterpenoids and tannins were quantitatively analyzed by HPLC. Six triterpenoids including tormentic acid, euscaphic acid, 23-hydroxytormentic acid, coreanoside F1, kaji-ichigoside F1 and niga-ichigoside F1 were used for standard compounds. Gallotannins and ellagitannins were quantitatively evaluated using the indicatives of methyl gallate and ellagic acid. The infected leaves of R. crataegifolius contained higher levels of triterpenoids and tannin than the uninfected leaves; however, lower quantity of total tannin was observed in the mature leaves than in the young leaves. Although the pinnate compound leaves of R. parvifolius exhibited similar tendency of those compositional variation with R. crataegifolius each other, its contents of triterpenoids do not considerably vary. Variation of the contents of triterpenoids and tannins were particularly distinct in R. crataegifolius by growth and infection.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Ellagic Acid ; Humans ; Hydrolyzable Tannins ; Rosaceae ; Tannins*