Parasomnias are characterized by undesirable physical events or experiences during sleep. They occur alone or combined with other parasomnias. Parasomnias in childhood are more common than those of adulthood. Most of them are mild, benign and self remitted. Careful history takings from the patients and their parents, videotaped recordings of the episodes are invaluable to diagnose parasomnias. Sometimes polysomnographic recordings are helpful to differentiate ambiguous conditions and to diagnose comorbid conditions. Even many parasomnias do not need treatment, some conditions need therapeutic interventions. Medication, cognitive behavioral treatment, biofeedback, and oral appliance are helpful to reduce frequency and complexity of certain kinds of parasomnias.
Biofeedback, Psychology ; Humans ; Parasomnias* ; Parents

Parasomnias are characterized by undesirable physical events or experiences during sleep. They occur alone or combined with other parasomnias. Parasomnias in childhood are more common than those of adulthood. Most of them are mild, benign and self remitted. Careful history takings from the patients and their parents, videotaped recordings of the episodes are invaluable to diagnose parasomnias. Sometimes polysomnographic recordings are helpful to differentiate ambiguous conditions and to diagnose comorbid conditions. Even many parasomnias do not need treatment, some conditions need therapeutic interventions. Medication, cognitive behavioral treatment, biofeedback, and oral appliance are helpful to reduce frequency and complexity of certain kinds of parasomnias.
Biofeedback, Psychology ; Humans ; Parasomnias* ; Parents

Parents ; Parenting ; Adolescent ; Emotions ; psychology

The aim was to determine the differences in parents' perceptions of boys' and girls' body shapes and the explanations for the emphasis on body shape care of children. Subjects were low-income parents (n = 158) of preschoolers attending preschools in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Parental perceptions of children's body shapes were assessed based on their rankings (scale of 1 to 7) of four attributes (ideal, healthy, fat and thin) for boy and girl figures. Parental responses to five questions on the importance of body shape were also obtained. Parental rankings of ideal and healthy body shapes were significantly lower for girls than boys (p < 0.001). However, mothers' and fathers' rankings of boys' and girls' body shapes were not significantly different. for both boys and girls, parental ratings for ideal body shape were significantly lower than for healthy body shape (p < 0.001). The majority of parents indicated that children's body shape is important for their future health, self enhancement, social interaction and career. With the increasing prevalence of body dissatisfaction among Malaysian children, these findings contribute to the understanding of parental roles in the development of body image and perhaps, in the etiology of body dissatisfaction among children.
*Body Image ; *Child, Preschool ; Parents/*psychology

The authors studied depression, using Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) in the subjects of 3,499 male and 1,335 female college freshmen of Yeungnam University. The authors collected the reports of SDS during the periods from January to February, 1986, and applied ANOVA and t-test on depression scores in order to compare them between various psychosocial factors, and sexes. The results are as follows: There was significant difference in the mean averages of total depression scores between male and female students: male students scored 35.68+7.46, female students scored 38.93+7.26 (P<0.01). The depression scores relating to the items of indecisiveness, psychomotor retardation, decreased libido, and diurnal variation were relatively higher in both groups. One hundred and sixty-one male students (4.6%) showed seriously high degree depression scores of 50 or higher, while one-hundred and seventeen female students (8.8%) showed the same scores. Female students attending in liberal arts showed higher level of depression scores (P<0.01). There was a strong tendency toward higher depression scores in the students who were dissatisfies with their home atmosphere, college, department and familiarity of parents and those who had pessimistic views of self in the past, present or future in both groups (P<0.001).
Atmosphere ; Depression* ; Female ; Humans ; Libido ; Male ; Parents ; Psychology ; Recognition (Psychology)

OBJECTIVETo investigate the prevalence of parental anxiety associated with epileptic children, and to explore whether and how this specific condition affects children's quality of life (QOL), and what are the significant determinants for parental anxiety.

METHODSThree hundred and forty parents whose children were affected with known epilepsy were enrolled in the study. Questionnaires for quality of life in childhood epilepsy (QOLCE), and hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) of parents were used to collect demographic data of both children and their parents, as well as clinical manifestations of epilepsy and family status.

RESULTSParental anxiety (of any severity) was observed in 191 subjects at interview, giving a prevalence rate of 56.2%. Of the 191 subjects, 18.5% reported mild anxiety, 24.4% moderate anxiety, and 13.2% severe anxiety. Factors associated with parental anxiety included frequency of seizure in children, average monthly income per person and parents' knowledge about epilepsy (P < 0.05). Parental anxiety significantly (P = 0.000) correlated with quality of life of children with epilepsy.

CONCLUSIONParents of children with epilepsy are at high risk of having anxiety. Factors associated with parental anxiety originate both from children and from parents. Parental anxiety is significantly related with children's QOL. It is important for experts concerned to recognize such a relationship to improve the QOL of children and their parents.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Anxiety ; psychology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Epilepsy ; psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Parents ; psychology ; Quality of Life

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cleft Lip ; psychology ; Cleft Palate ; psychology ; Disabled Children ; psychology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Parents ; psychology

PURPOSE: Despite the well-known public health benefits of vaccination, increasing public concern about the safety of childhood vaccinations has led some parents to refuse or hesitate having their children immunized. The purpose of this study was to identify the subjectivity of parents toward refusal of childhood vaccination. METHODS: Q-methodology, in which subjective viewpoints are explored and analyzed using a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques, was used. Thirty-five participants were asked to rank 42 statements on diverse issues of childhood vaccination according to a continuous 9-point scale ranging from -4 for strongly disagree to +4 for strongly agree. Collected data was analyzed using the PC-QUANAL program. RESULTS: The results revealed three discrete groups of parents in the refusal of children's immunization: type I, distrust; type II, concern about side effects, and type III, belief that vaccinations are unnecessary. CONCLUSION: Special nurse counselors who can provide correct information about vaccination based on the three types should be part of the government policy. Customized education programs to shift viewpoints should be also redeveloped according to the results in this study.
Child ; Counseling ; Disulfiram ; Humans ; Parents ; Public Health ; Rejection (Psychology) ; Vaccination

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between internet addiction, smartphone addiction, and psychosocial factors. This study was designed to examine the vulnerability factors for internet and smartphone addiction. METHODS: The participants were 1041 children and adolescents in a small and medium-sized cities. All of the participants were evaluated in terms of their demographic characteristics and present use of the internet and smartphone, as well as using internet and smartphone addiction and other psychological scales. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the psychosocial factors between the high risk, potential risk, and general user groups of internet and smartphone addiction. RESULTS: The participants were classified into three groups, the high risk (N=33), potential risk (N=203), and general user (N=805) groups with regard to their internet and smartphone addiction level. There were statistical significantly differences between the groups in terms of the economic status of the family, academic performance, parents, use of internet and smartphone, loneliness, family cohesion, family adaptability, perceived social support, and peer relationship. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the internet and smartphone addiction of children and adolescents is related to various psychosocial vulnerability factors.
Adolescent* ; Child* ; Humans ; Internet* ; Loneliness ; Parents ; Psychology ; Smartphone* ; Weights and Measures

A doctor has to establish his or her own philosophy of medical practice for the management of congenitally disabled patients. To help the senior medical students to put their ideas on the management of such patients in shape, a question which asked them to describe their views on the medical, social, ethical aspects of the management was included in the examination for the 225 senior students of Seoul National University College of Medicine in 1992. The responses were summarized. The dismal prognosis of some malformations, considerable cases of abandonment by the misconception of parents and doctors, the conflict among the family members caused by the economic burden and social handicaps, the relative lack of support and the psychological and vacational discrimination by the society were among the prevalent problem. Of the 225 students, 131(58%) insisted that 'all' the congenitally disabled patients be provided with the best quality of treatment while 26(12%) argued against the idea. Fifteen students(7%) recommended to have a certain period of 'natural selection' and 14(6%) denied and warned against the doctor's role as a decision maker. Eleven students(5%) stated that the aggressive treatment should be confined to the patients who were selected by the medical criteria which supports the abandonment of poorly disabled patients. Three(1%) emphasized the 'prevention' as the ultimate goal. Twenty five(11%) showed reponses which lacked their own ideas or were inappropriate. Representative or unique statements are quoted. Though the ideas of students were not so contradictory to one another, the views were diverse as much as the variety of problem in the management of congenitally disabled patients. The authors believe it is worthwhile to ask medical students to think about the medically and ethically difficult situations before he or she becomes a doctor.
Discrimination (Psychology) ; Humans ; Parents ; Philosophy ; Prognosis ; Seoul ; Students, Medical*