No abstract available.
Liver* ; Paratyphoid Fever* ; Typhoid Fever*

Humans ; Paratyphoid Fever ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Public Health Surveillance ; methods ; Typhoid Fever ; epidemiology ; prevention & control

BACKGROUNDTyphoid/paratyphoid fever (TPF) is endemic in Guizhou. We conducted wavelet analysis and Spearman's rank correlation analysis to explore the impact of meteorological variations on TPF infection in Guizhou, in an attempt to assess the risk factors associated with TPF epidemics.

METHODSWe examined the association between TPF incidence in Guizhou and temperature, precipitation and relative humidity using 24 years of data from 1984 to 2007. Periodicities of TPF incidence and the impact of climate factors on the TPF were detected by Spearman's rank correlation and wavelet analysis,

RESULTSTemperature and precipitation with a 1-month lag were positively correlated with the monthly incidence of TPF. The multiyear incidence pattern of TPF in Guizhou was explicitly periodic. Moreover, the association and driving effect of precipitation on TPF were observed, and the results showed that the incidence of TPF in Guizhou had a closer correlation with precipitation than with temperature.

CONCLUSIONSSafe water supply is the key issue for TPF control in Guizhou. Moreover, climate variation might impact the enteric infections, which may inform policy assessment for TPF control in Guizhou.

China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Paratyphoid Fever ; epidemiology ; Rain ; Temperature ; Typhoid Fever ; epidemiology

Case-Control Studies ; Humans ; Paratyphoid Fever ; prevention & control ; Principal Component Analysis ; Socioeconomic Factors

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Paratyphoid Fever ; complications ; diagnosis ; drug therapy

OBJECTIVEThis study was to evaluate the effects of prevention and control regarding programs on typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, in Guizhou province, from 2007 to 2012, to provide evidence for the improvement of related programs.

METHODSData on typhoid fever and paratyphoid including information on epidemics, individual, cases, measures for prevention and control programs taken and relative government documents were collected and analyzed in Guizhou province, from 2007 to 2012. Information related to the average annual incidence, nature of outbreaks, time span before confirmed diagnosis was made, unit which carried the case report, proportion of laboratory confirmed diagnosed cases and case-management were compared between 2007-2009 and 2010-2012 descriptively while chi-square test with Excel and EpiInfo software were used for data analysis.

RESULTSIn the period of 2007-2009, a total of 5 978 typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever cases were reported in Guizhou province with the average yearly incidence as 5.29/100 000. In the period of 2010-2012, 2 765 cases were reported with the average yearly incidence as 2.57/100 000. When compared to the former, data from the latter period showed that the average yearly incidence had declined 51.31% in all the prefectures. There were still some outbreaks appeared but the total number of cases involved reduced 87.50%. The time span before the confirmation of diagnosis became shorter but the difference was not statistically significant (χ² = 0.08, P = 0.99). Number of cases reported by hospitals at county or above had 11.51% of increase while those cases reported at the township hospitals or below decreased for 61.47% . The proportion of laboratory diagnosed cases increased 23.63%. Rates of timeliness on cards being filled in, input and audited showed increase of 8.44%, 6.76% and 2.40% respectively.

CONCLUSIONSuccessful measures for prevention and control on typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever had been remarkably taken in Guizhou province, but the potential risk of outbreaks still existed in some areas, suggesting that health education and surveillance programs including laboratory diagnosis, should be strengthened.

China ; epidemiology ; Communicable Disease Control ; methods ; Humans ; Paratyphoid Fever ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Typhoid Fever ; epidemiology ; prevention & control

The purpose of the study was to collect the opinions of doctors who are specialists in infectious disease with regard to the current method used for isolation of patients with group 1 nationally notifiable infectious diseases in Korea. A web-based survey was conducted from June 27 to July 7, 2011. Relevant questions included: 1) adequacy of the current policy of forced hospital isolation; evaluation of current guidelines for release from hospital isolation; and 3) priority for policy switching from forced hospital isolation to home isolation. The rate of response to the survey was 28.4% (40 out of 140). First, the majority of infectious disease specialists in Korea believed that the current method of forced hospital isolation for patients with group 1 infectious diseases should be changed to the home isolation method. Second, if the Korean government changes its policy to home isolation, the top priority of the policy switch would be typhoid fever, followed by paratyphoid fever, shigellosis, cholera, and EHEC (enterohemorigic Escherichia coli). Regarding current guidelines for release from hospital isolation, in cases of shigellosis, EHEC, and hepatitis A, the majority of respondents supported the current guidelines, while they were not able to make collective opinions in cases of cholera and typhoid/paratyphoid fever. We were able to confirm that the majority of specialists want to change the current isolation method. Therefore, the Korean government should consider switching their policy from forced hospital isolation to home isolation.
Cholera ; Communicable Diseases ; Dysentery, Bacillary ; Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli ; Escherichia ; Fever ; Hepatitis A ; Humans ; Infectious Disease Medicine ; Korea ; Paratyphoid Fever ; Specialization ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Typhoid Fever

Vaccination against yellow fever is recommended for travelers to areas where yellow fever has been reported, and they should be vaccinated 10 days before the travel at an approved center for the vaccination. When traveling to areas where chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum has not been reported, once-a-week use of chloroquine alone is recommended, but when traveling to areas where chloroquineresistant P. falciparum has been reported, other agents such as mefloquine, doxycycline, atovaquone/proguanil and primaquine should be chosen. Other recommended immunizations are typhoid vaccine and hepatitis A/B vaccine. Traveler's diarrhea is one of the major health problems in terms of frequency, but antimicrobial prophylaxis is not routinely recommended.
Chloroquine ; Communicable Diseases* ; Diarrhea ; Doxycycline ; Hepatitis ; Immunization ; Malaria ; Mefloquine ; Primaquine ; Travel Medicine ; Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines ; Vaccination ; Yellow Fever

BACKGROUND: Widal test has been one of the most important diagnostic tests for typhoid and is still widely used. Widal test has been useful diagnostic tool for typhoid in endemic areas, while it has been largely abandoned in developed countries. Since 1990, occurrance of typhoid has been markedly decreased in Korea, we studied diagnostic usefulness and criteria of Widal test from 1990 to 1997. METHODS: Using rapid slide titration method (Stained Salmonella suspensions, Murex Biotech Ltd., Dartford, England), the Widal test was done in 116 nontyphoid salmonellosis patients, 75 patients with proven typhoid fever, and 173 cases of clinically suspected typhoid fever patients. Stastical analysis was done with discriminant analysis in culture proven salmonellosis. RESULTS: Fifty-four culture proven cases of Salmonella paratyphi (S. paratyphi) A and S. paratyphi B showed no significant cutoff value in O antibodies. Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) O titer at the 1:160 and above showed lower sensitivity (37.3% vs. 69.3%) and specificity (91.4% vs. 93.1%) compared to S. typhi H titer at the 1:320 and above in diagnosis of culture proven cases of typhoid. We applied D (0.01xH titer+0.001xO titer-1.635) score which result from discriminant analysis. Positive D score (> or =0.21) showed sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 92.2% in culture proven cases of typhoid. In clinically suspected patients, positive D score showed 39.3% of sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the Widal test for O antibodies of S. paratyphi A and S. paratyphi B is not useful for diagnosis of paratyphoid fever. In the present study S. typhi H antibodies are more diagnostic than S. typhi O antibodies. We appled D score and positive D score showed increased sensitivity of Widal test than application of O antibody titer.
Antibodies ; Developed Countries ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Humans ; Korea ; Paratyphoid Fever ; Salmonella ; Salmonella Infections ; Salmonella paratyphi A ; Salmonella typhi ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Suspensions ; Typhoid Fever

PURPOSE: This study was performed to evaluate the compliance with, and adequacy of, the Korean national guidelines which had been recommended until 2011 for isolation of patients with group 1 nationally notifiable infectious diseases (NNIDs), namely cholera, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, shigellosis, and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the clinical and microbiological characteristics of confirmed cases of group 1 NNIDs and compliance with the guidelines in 20 Korean hospitals nationwide in 2000-2010. We also compared the Korean guidelines with international guidelines. RESULTS: Among 528 confirmed cases (8 cases of cholera, 232 of typhoid fever, 81 of paratyphoid fever, 175 of shigellosis, and 32 EHEC infections), strict compliance with the Korean guideline was achieved in only 2.6% to 50.0%, depending on the disease. While the Korean guidelines recommend isolation of all patients with group 1 NNIDs, international guidelines recommend selective patient isolation and screening for fecal shedding, depending on the type of disease and patient status. CONCLUSION: Compliance with the previous national guidelines for group 1 NNIDs in Korea was generally very low. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether compliance was improved after implementation of the new guideline in 2012.
Cholera ; Communicable Disease Control ; Communicable Diseases* ; Compliance* ; Dysentery, Bacillary ; Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli ; Guideline Adherence ; Humans ; Korea* ; Mass Screening ; Methods ; Paratyphoid Fever ; Patient Isolation ; Typhoid Fever