OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in public recognition of parabens on Twitter and the research status of parabens related to toothpaste. METHODS: Tweet information between 2010 and October 2016 was collected by an automatic web crawler and examined according to tweet frequency, key words (2012-October 2016), and issue tweet detection analyses to reveal changes in public recognition of parabens on Twitter. To investigate the research status of parabens related to toothpaste, queries such as “paraben,”“paraben and toxicity,”“paraben and (toothpastes or dentifrices),” and “paraben and (toothpastes or dentifrices) and toxicity” were used. RESULTS: The number of tweets concerning parabens sharply increased when parabens in toothpaste emerged as a social issue (October 2014), and decreased from 2015 onward. However, toothpaste and its related terms were continuously included in the core key words extracted from tweets from 2015. They were not included in key words before 2014, indicating that the emergence of parabens in toothpaste as a social issue plays an important role in public recognition of parabens in toothpaste. The issue tweet analysis also confirmed the change in public recognition of parabens in toothpaste. Despite the expansion of public recognition of parabens in toothpaste, there are only seven research articles on the topic in PubMed. CONCLUSIONS: The general public clearly recognized parabens in toothpaste after emergence of parabens in toothpaste as a social issue. Nevertheless, the scientific information on parabens in toothpaste is very limited, suggesting that the efforts of dental scientists are required to expand scientific knowledge related to parabens in oral hygiene measures.
Oral Hygiene ; Parabens* ; Toothpastes*

The objective of this study was to determine toxicities of four parabens (methyl paraben, MP; ethyl paraben, EP; n-propyl paraben, PP; and n-butyl paraben; BP) and their mixtures to two aquatic microorganisms, Daphnia magna and Aliivibrio fischeri. Parabens are one of the widely used preservatives for personal care products, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food also. First, each paraben was treated to D. magna to measure the toxicity levels as LC₂₀ and LC₅₀. The results showed their value of MP (25.2 mg/L, 73.4 mg/L), EP (18.4 mg/L, 43.7 mg/L), PP (10.4 mg/L, 21.1 mg/L) and BP (3.3 mg/L, 11.2 mg/L). Then, each of the parabens was treated to A. fischeri and calculated their EC₂₀ and EC₅₀ by bioluminescence inhibition test. The results showed the values of MP (2.93 mg/L, 16.8 mg/L), EP (1.18 mg/L, 6.74 mg/L), PP (0.51 mg/L, 5.85 mg/L) and BP (0.21 mg/L, 2.34 mg/L). These four parabens belong to the group classified as being ‘harmful to aquatic organisms’ (above 10 mg/L, below 100 mg/L). After measuring the toxicity, EC₂₀ values of two or more parabens were tested in order to investigate their toxicity. A total of ten combinations of four parabens were tested. As a result, the bioluminescence inhibition test of A. fischeri showed that the toxicity of mixture parabens was stronger than that of a single compound and combinations of three parabens showed the highest bioluminescence inhibition. These results showed that independent toxicity of paraben was maintained. Therefore, it can be predictable that the toxicity of paraben is getting stronger by the addition of other parabens.
Aliivibrio fischeri* ; Aliivibrio* ; Daphnia* ; Humans ; Parabens*

The objective of this study was to determine toxicities of four parabens (methyl paraben, MP; ethyl paraben, EP; n-propyl paraben, PP; and n-butyl paraben; BP) and their mixtures to two aquatic microorganisms, Daphnia magna and Aliivibrio fischeri. Parabens are one of the widely used preservatives for personal care products, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food also. First, each paraben was treated to D. magna to measure the toxicity levels as LC₂₀ and LC₅₀. The results showed their value of MP (25.2 mg/L, 73.4 mg/L), EP (18.4 mg/L, 43.7 mg/L), PP (10.4 mg/L, 21.1 mg/L) and BP (3.3 mg/L, 11.2 mg/L). Then, each of the parabens was treated to A. fischeri and calculated their EC₂₀ and EC₅₀ by bioluminescence inhibition test. The results showed the values of MP (2.93 mg/L, 16.8 mg/L), EP (1.18 mg/L, 6.74 mg/L), PP (0.51 mg/L, 5.85 mg/L) and BP (0.21 mg/L, 2.34 mg/L). These four parabens belong to the group classified as being ‘harmful to aquatic organisms’ (above 10 mg/L, below 100 mg/L). After measuring the toxicity, EC₂₀ values of two or more parabens were tested in order to investigate their toxicity. A total of ten combinations of four parabens were tested. As a result, the bioluminescence inhibition test of A. fischeri showed that the toxicity of mixture parabens was stronger than that of a single compound and combinations of three parabens showed the highest bioluminescence inhibition. These results showed that independent toxicity of paraben was maintained. Therefore, it can be predictable that the toxicity of paraben is getting stronger by the addition of other parabens.
Aliivibrio fischeri ; Aliivibrio ; Daphnia ; Humans ; Parabens

OBJECTIVEQuantitative determination was made of ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate in Dracaena cochinchinensis extracted with two technologies.

METHODThe sample was resolved with methanol and isolated by TLC, purged with methanol. Tge sample solution was chroma to graphed on a C18 column with acetonitrile-1% acetic acid (31:69) as mobile phase, detecting at 257 nm and content was calculated with external standard method.

RESULTThe standard curves of ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate were linear in the range of 0.206-4.12 ng, r = 0.9998. The average recovery was 97.2% and RSD was 1.4%.

CONCLUSIONThe content of ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate in D. cochinchinensis extracted with heating-tree technongy is higher than that with traditional technology.

Dracaena ; chemistry ; Parabens ; analysis ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods

4-Hydroxybenzoate (4HBA) is an important chemical compound used for synthesis of liquid crystal. Production of 4HBA from renewable resources is an effective mean to solve problems such as environmental pollution and petroleum shortage. This review briefly introduces the chemical synthesis of 4HBA from oil compounds, and mainly describes the progress in 4HBA biosynthesis from renewable resources by plants and microorganisms. In most intriguing aspect of plant-based synthesis of 4HBA is the appeal of directly synthesizing a chemical from CO2. However, the glucosylation system in plant cells converting 4HBA to glucose conjugates, causing the post treatment a problem. The recombinant microorganisms produce pure 4HBA, but less efficient. A new strain of Microbulbifer has ability to naturally accumulate 4HBA from glucose. Elucidation of the metabolic pathways and regulation systems would improve 4HBA synthesis efficiency.
Alteromonadaceae ; metabolism ; Glucose ; chemistry ; Glycosylation ; Industrial Microbiology ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Parabens ; metabolism ; Plants ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents in roots of Caragana sinica.

METHODThe constituents were isolated by silica gel column chromatography, and their structures were identified by spectroscopic methods.

RESULTSeven compounds were identified as (+) - stenophyllol B (1), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (2), odoratin (3), resveratrol (4), cararosinol A (5), leachinol C (6), carasinaurone (7) respectively.

CONCLUSIONCompound 1 was a new compound which was the enantiomer of stenophyllol B. Compounds 2-6 were obtained from the plant for the first time.

Caragana ; chemistry ; Chromatography, Gel ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; chemistry ; Molecular Structure ; Parabens ; analysis ; chemistry ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Stilbenes ; analysis ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents of Zanthoxylum nitidum.

METHODColumn chromatography on Silica gel and Sephadex LH - 20, and recrystallization were applied for the isolation and purification of the constituents. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis, chemical evidences and by comparison with the data reported in literature.

RESULTFrom the CHCl3 fraction and n-butanol fraction of the EtOH extract of the roots of Z. nitidum, 10 compounds were isolated and identified as 2, 4-dihydroxypyrimidine (1), syringic acid (2) , 2, 6-dimethoxy-1, 4-benzoquinone (3) , 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4), ethylparaben (5), (Z)-3-(2, 3, 4-trimethoxyphenyl) acrylic acid (6), 5, 6, 7-trimethoxycoumarin (7), stigmast-9 (11) -en-3-ol (8), daucosterol (9), beta-sitosterol (10).

CONCLUSIONCompounds 1-9 were isolated and identified from the roots of Z. nitidum for the first time. Furthermore, we note here the first isolation of compound 6 as a natural product.

Acrylates ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Gallic Acid ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Parabens ; chemistry ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Zanthoxylum ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo study the constituents of Hypericum attenatum.

METHODThe compounds were isolated by chromatography on silica gel, the structures were identified by their physical, chemical properties and IR, NMR and MS spectral data respectively.

RESULTNine compounds were isolated and identified as p-hydroxybenzoic acid (1), 6, 9-dihydroxy-4, 7-megastigmadien-3-one (2), butyl alcohol-O-alpha-D-fructoside (3), 24-ethyl-cholest-7-ene-3 beta, 5 alpha, 6 beta-thtroil (4), hexanol (5), 1 beta, 6 alpha-dihydroxyeudesmane-4(14)-ene (6), beta-sitosterol (7), 5, 5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-tetrahydrofuran-2-one (8), beta-daucosterol (9).

CONCLUSIONAll of the compounds were isolated from H. attenuatum for the first time.

Hexanols ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Hypericum ; chemistry ; Norisoprenoids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Parabens ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plant Components, Aerial ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents from the roots of Polygala tricornis.

METHODCompounds were isolated by repeated silica gel column chromatography and their structures were determined by spectral analysis and physicochemical properties.

RESULTSix compounds were isolated from the roots of P. tricornis, and their structures were identified as p-hydroxy benzoic acid (I), glucosyringic acid (II), 1-O-p-coumaroyl-D-glucopyranose (III), cis-coniferin (IV), cis-syringin (V) and vacciniin (VI).

CONCLUSIONCompounds I approximately VI were obtained from this plant for the first time.

Benzoates ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Cinnamates ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Glucosides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Parabens ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Polygala ; chemistry

AIMTo study the biotransformation of kaempferitrin, a major chemical principle of the fruits of Siraitia grosvenori (Swingle) C. Jeffery, with human intestinal flora.

METHODSThe kaempferitrin was incubated with human intestinal flora. The biotransformation products were isolated and purified by chromatographic methods and the structures were determined by spectroscopic techniques.

RESULTSKaempferitrin was converted into kaempferol 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside (afzelin, I) , kaempferol 7-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside (II), kaempferol (III) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (IV) by human intestinal flora. rhamnoside (II), kaempferol (III) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (IV) by human intestinal flora.

CONCLUSIONThe structure of kaempferitrin can be biotransformatedly converted by human intestinal flora.

Bacteria ; metabolism ; Biotransformation ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Humans ; Intestines ; microbiology ; Kaempferols ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; pharmacokinetics ; Mannosides ; metabolism ; Momordica ; chemistry ; Parabens ; metabolism ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Proanthocyanidins ; metabolism