Although cytologic screening has considerably reduced the incidence of cervical cancer, there are some problems which remain to be solved, such as the low sensitivity of this procedure. HPV testing is fundamentally different from conventional cytologic testing, because it evaluates the HPV infection itself, the most important causative factor for cervical cancer. In this study, the roles and clinical applications of HPV testing in cervical cancer screening are examined from 3 standpoints: in primary screening, in the management of women with low-grade cytologic abnormalities, and in the follow-up after treatment of pre-invasive or early invasive lesions.
Cervix Neoplasms/*diagnosis/*virology ; DNA, Viral/analysis ; Female ; Human ; Papillomavirus Infections/complications/diagnosis ; Papillomavirus, Human/*isolation & purification ; Tumor Virus Infections/complications/diagnosis

BACKGROUNDSome studies suggested that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection could reduce the clinical pregnancy rate and double the spontaneous abortion rate compared with non-infected women after in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET). But some other studies showed there was no difference between HPV infected and non-infected groups of ART outcomes. The role of HPV infection in infertile women undergoing IVF treatments has been a controversial issue which this article attempts to investigate.

METHODSThis is a retrospective analysis of 3880 infertile women undergoing IVF treatment at Peking University Third hospital reproductive medical center in 2008. Patients with abnormal thin-layer preparation cytologic test (TCT) results who underwent fresh cycle embryo transfer were divided into an HPV positive group (n = 56) and an HPV negative group (n = 56). The clinical parameters were compared (using Student's t-test and chi-squared test). Univariate and multivariate analyses were taken to see if HPV infection affects the clinical pregnancy rate.

RESULTSOf the 3880 cases 157 had TCT abnormality (4.0%). Of the 149 patients who had HPV test results, 112 women (81.2%) received a fresh cycle embryo transfer. Each group had 56 cases. The patients were of similar age and BMI, basic hormone levels, and infertile factors were similar. The gonadotropin use, oocyte retrieval number, clinical pregnancy rate, abortion rate and newborn condition were all similar between groups. Analyses showed neither HPV infection nor HPV hybrid capture (HC) II results affected clinical pregnancy rate after IVF treatments, but the FSH level did.

CONCLUSIONHPV positivity did not appear to impact assisted reproductive technology (ART) success. "Extensive treatment" for HPV before IVF was not recommended because treatment time will increase age and reduce ovarian function, which will lead to inferior IVF outcomes.

Adult ; Female ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Humans ; Male ; Papillomavirus Infections ; complications ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Retrospective Studies

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted virus in males and females worldwide; yet its impact upon male fertility remains unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential impact of HPV infection in semen on male fertility abnormality. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library database for relevant publications up to May 6, 2017. The odds ratio (OR), and its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI), was selected to represent the effect size. Statistical analysis was conducted using STATA 12.0. In total, eight articles, providing data on 1955 participants, were included in this meta-analysis. Collectively, the data suggested that HPV infection of semen was a risk factor for male fertility abnormality with an OR of 3.02 (95% CI: 2.11-4.32; I² = 6.9%). Sensitivity analysis revealed that the results of this study were robust. In conclusion, HPV infection of semen represents a risk factor for male fertility abnormality.
Humans ; Infertility, Male/virology* ; Male ; Papillomaviridae ; Papillomavirus Infections/complications* ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the possible effects of folate on cervical carcinogenesis and the interaction of folate and human papillomaviruses 16 (HPV16).

METHODSA hospital-based case-control study was conducted. 111 hospitalized cases who were pathologically diagnosed of having cervical cancer and 111 controls identified with hysteromyoma that frequency-matched to cases on age, birth place and residential area. A 60-item food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were administered to estimate the consumption of dietary folate. HPV16 DNA in exfoliated cervical cell and serum folate were detected by special PCR and radioimmunoassay respectively.

RESULTSHPV16 infection rate in cases (61.26%) was significantly higher than that in controls (28.83%), with adjusted OR of 4.95(95% CI:2.49-9.83).The levels of dietary folate in cases (5.00 microg/kcal +/- 0.41 microg/kcal) were significantly lower than that in controls (5.14 microg/kcal +/- 0.35 microg/kcal), but the adjusted OR showing no statistical significance. However, serum folate in cases (1.79 ng/ml +/- 1.42 ng/ml) was significantly lower than that in controls(2.59 ng/ml +/- 2.81 ng/ml),and there were significantly increasing trend in the risk of cervical cancer with reducing level of serum folate (chi-squared trend test of P = 0.000). Meanwhile, low-level of serum folate and HPV16-infection showed significant interaction in the development of cervical cancer, with likelihood ratio test of G = 5.56, P = 0.02.

CONCLUSIONResults indicated that low levels of folate might increase the risk of cervical cancer, and potential synergistic action might exist between low level of serum folate and HPV16 in the development of cervical cancer.

Case-Control Studies ; Diet ; Female ; Folic Acid ; blood ; Folic Acid Deficiency ; complications ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Papillomavirus Infections ; complications ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; blood ; etiology ; virology

High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancers consist of cervical cancer, anal cancer, penile cancer, vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer, and head and neck cancer (HNC). Of these, the disease burden of HNC is second only to cervical cancer. HNC mostly originates from malignant lesions of squamous epithelial cells and mainly includes oral cavity cancer, pharyngeal cancer (including nasopharyngeal cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, and hypopharyngeal cancer), and laryngeal cancer. Tobacco use, alcohol abuse, and HPV infection are three primary risk factors. Recently, there is an upward trend of HNC incidence globally, especially in high-income countries. In China, the disease burden and trends of HPV-related HNC are still not clear. A few small sample size and single-center studies suggest a high HPV prevalence and increasing trend in HNC. Methodological differences in HPV testing and regional variabilities still exist among these studies. Among the anatomic sites, oropharyngeal cancer has been shown to be caused by HPV infection, but the association of HPV with other sites is still under debate. In addition, there is a paucity of relevant studies. Here, this review narrates the association between HPV infection and HNC, compares the differences between global and Chinese studies, and then explores the importance of HPV infection in various anatomical sites. The main objective is to highlight the research on HPV-related HNC and promote relevant prevention and treatment programs.
Female ; Humans ; Human Papillomavirus Viruses ; Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control* ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/complications* ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/complications* ; Head and Neck Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; Oropharyngeal Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; Papillomaviridae

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and precancerous lesion with HPV infection subtypes and possible clinical relationship. METHOD: Eighty-three cases in paraffin embedded tissues were detected with thirty seven HPV subtypes by flow-through hybridization and gene chip (HybriMax), including 31 cases of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, 52 cases of precancerous lesions (29 cases of vocal cord leukoplakia and 23 cases of laryngeal papilloma), and 36 cases of vocal cord polyp as normal vocal mucosa were used as control. RESULT: The total positive rate of HPV was 19.4% in the group of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (6/31), 0 in vocal cord leukoplakia, 65.2% in laryngeal papilloma (15/23), and the control group were all negative, HPV virus subtype of HPV-positive laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma were all high-risk HPV16; and there were 6 HPV virus subtypes in laryngeal papilloma (8: HPV6,4: HPV52, 1: HPV11, 1: HPV18, 2: HPV45, 3: HPV16), individual mixing two or more subtypes infection. HPV infection of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and precancerous lesions has no statistically significant difference according to gender, high low-risk subtypes. CONCLUSION HPV infection related to laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and precancerous lesions, but no significant correlation with the subtype distribution of high and low risk; HPV detection is making positive sense to clinical diagnosis of laryngeal carcinoma and precancerous lesions as well as the development of specific HPV subtype vaccine.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; complications ; virology ; Genotype ; Head and Neck Neoplasms ; complications ; virology ; Human papillomavirus 11 ; Humans ; Laryngeal Neoplasms ; complications ; virology ; Papilloma ; complications ; virology ; Papillomaviridae ; classification ; Papillomavirus Infections ; complications ; virology ; Precancerous Conditions ; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck

Warty squamous cell carcinoma (WSCC), a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma occurring in younger women, is primarily associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Although WSCC appears to exhibit less aggressive behavior than typical well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, it bears the risk of regional metastasis. Accordingly, WSCC should be differentiated from other verruciform neoplasms. We describe a rare case of WSCC with a short disease duration occurring in a woman of old age. We found the presence of HPV DNA different from other well-known types of high risk and low risk HPV by DNA chip microarray. These results suggest that various types of HPV can be associated with the pathogenesis of WSCC.
Aged ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology/*virology ; Female ; Humans ; Papillomavirus Infections/*complications/pathology ; *Papillomavirus, Human ; Skin Neoplasms/pathology/*virology ; Vulvar Neoplasms/pathology/*virology

Female ; Human papillomavirus 18 ; physiology ; Humans ; Papillomavirus Infections ; complications ; Risk Factors ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; etiology ; pathology ; virology ; Virus Integration ; genetics ; physiology

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence, etiology, clinical presentation and pathological features, treatment and prognosis of cervical cancer in young women. METHODS: Clinical data of 132 young women with cervical cancer were reviewed. RESULTS: Positive rate of human papillomavirus 18 was high in young women with cervical cancer. The primary clinical presentation of young patients with cervical cancer was contact bleeding of vagina, and the signs were out-expanding of cervical mass. The percentage of adenocarcinoma increased. The main treatment for cervical cancer was surgery. The patients had radical hysterectomy plus ovarian transplantation, none of whom had ovarian metastases and menopause syndrome. Prognosis of most patients was good. CONCLUSION Contact bleeding is a significant symptom in young women with cervical cancer. Surgery is first considered in the treatment. Preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy can be used in patients with locally advanced and late stage cervical cancer. Ovarian transplantation during operation can retain the ovary function.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Female ; Human papillomavirus 18 ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Papillomavirus Infections ; complications ; Prognosis ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; surgery ; therapy ; virology ; Young Adult

BACKGROUNDVaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN), as a precursor of vaginal cancer, is a rare disease. Its prevalence has not been well analyzed. This research is to ascertain the risk factors for VAIN in a Chinese population.

METHODSA case-control study was conducted, including 63 VAIN cases and 64 healthy controls. In all subjects Pap smear and HPV tests were performed. A questionnaire survey was distributed, covering information on socio-demographic characteristics, smoking, past history, reproductive and sexual histories. The clinical pathological data were collected from medical records including symptoms, Pap smear results, grade of lesions, and human papillomavirus (HPV) status.

RESULTSPostmenopausal women had a 2.09 times higher risk for VAIN than pre-menopausal women (95%CI: 1.10 - 3.85; P = 0.024). The patients with previous hysterectomy had an increased risk of VAIN (OR = 4.69; P = 0.003). Patients with a history of cervical cancer or CIN were predisposed to VAIN (OR = 78.75; P < 0.0001). The rate of HPV infection in VAIN was significantly higher than in controls, and an increased risk of VAIN was observed in patients with higher viral load (OR = 126.00; P = 0.000). Multivariate analysis showed that HPV infection and a history of CIN or cervical cancer were still found to be significant in patients.

CONCLUSIONHPV infection and a history of CIN or cervical cancer are the main risk factors for the development of VAIN.

Adult ; Carcinoma in Situ ; complications ; Case-Control Studies ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia ; complications ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Papillomavirus Infections ; complications ; Risk Factors ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; complications ; Vaginal Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; etiology