The application of enzymes has a high potential in the pulp and paper industry to improve the economics of the paper production process and to achieve, at the same time, a reduced environmental burden. Specific enzymes contribute to reduce the amount of chemicals, water and energy in various processes. This review is aimed at presenting the latest progresses of applying enzymes in bio-pulping, bio-bleaching, bio-deinking, enzymatic control of pitch and enzymatic modification of fibers.
Enzymes ; Industry ; Paper

Pitch deposits have negative effects on product quality, machine performance and production line profitability during pulp and paper manufacture. As traditional pitch control technology cannot provide satisfactory solutions in the pitch deposits, the enzymatic treatment has been rapidly developed for its high efficiency and pollution-free property. In this review, the chemical composition and present form of the pitch in pulp is first introduced, followed by a description of the pitch control enzymes. The emphasis is on the current research on enzymatic solutions to pitch problems, including the reaction mechanism, technology, and the present main problems of lipase, sterol esterases, laccase and lipoxygenase. Finally, the technology prospects in this field are proposed.
Laccase ; Lipase ; Lipoxygenase ; Paper

Adult ; Computer Terminals ; Humans ; Male ; Paper ; Reading ; Students, Medical ; Workload

Many reports have been found in the literature regarding the electrophoretic study of various urogenital diseases, but those on syphilis are relatively rare. It is author's opinion that the correlation between syphilis and the dysfunction of various organs must also be elucidated into detail. On this view point the author has studied the total protein and paper electrophoretic fractions of the serum derived from the patients of syphilis in 17 males and 5 females visited our department during the period from October, 1962 to September, 1964 Age distribution was between 18 and 45 years of age and duration of history was from 3 months to 8 months. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Total protein and electrophoretic fractions of 22 patients' serum: a) The amount of total protein decreased slightly. b) Albumin decreased markedly. c) Alpha 1 globulin decreased remarkably. d) Alpha 2 globulin decreased slightly. e) Beta globulin increased very remarkably. f) Gamma globulin increased markedly. g) A/G ratio decreased very remarkably. All of the above patterns were compared with normal rate. 2. Total protein and electrophoretic fractions of same 22 patients' serum in duration 30 days after complete therapy: a) The amount of total protein, albumin alpha 2 globulin, gamma globulin and A/G ratio etc. are unchanged b) Alpha 1 globulin decreased markedly. c) Beta globulin increased slightly. All of the above pattern were compared with normal rate.
Age Distribution ; Beta-Globulins ; Electrophoresis, Paper ; Female ; gamma-Globulins ; Humans ; Male ; Syphilis

We report an atypieal case of xanthoma without evidence of underlying disease, A 50-year-old asymptomatic, yellowish, flat plaques on the upper eyelids, trunk and thighs, and huge, deep-seated tumors on anterior aspect of the neck, back and ankle areas of 3 years duration. Biopsies were performed at the lesions of the neck and hack. Two biopsy specimens showed the same findings of xanthoma, respectively. The appearance of refrigerated serum was clear. Paper electrophoresis didn't show elevation of any lipoprotein, suggesting normolipoproteinemia.
Ankle ; Biopsy ; Electrophoresis, Paper ; Eyelids ; Humans ; Lipoproteins ; Middle Aged ; Neck ; Thigh ; Xanthomatosis*

PURPOSE: Ethylenediamine-tetramethylenephosphonic acid (EDTMP) has widely used chelator for the labeling of bone seeking radiopharmaceuticals complexed with radiometals. 153Sm can be produced by the HANARO reactor at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Taejon, Korea. 153Sm has favourable radiation characteristics T1/2=46.7 h, beta max=0.81 MeV (20%), 0.71 MeV (49%), 0.64 MeV (30%) and gamma=103 keV (30%) emission which is suitable for imaging purposes during therapy. We investigated the labeling condition of 153Sm-EDTMP and imaging of 153Sm-EDTMP in normal rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: EDTMP 20 mg was solved in 0.1 mL 2 M NaOH. 153SmCl3 was added to EDTMP solution and pH of the reaction mixtures was adjusted to 8 and 12, respectively. Radiochemical purity was determined with paper chromatography. After 30 min. reaction, reaction mixtures were neutralized to pH 7.4, and the stability was estimated upto 120 hrs. Imaging studies of each reaction were perfomed in normal rats (37 MBq/0.1 mL). RESULTS: The labeling yield of 153Sm-EDTMP was 99%. The stability of pH 8 reaction at 60, 96 and 120 hr was 99%, 95%, 89% and that of pH 12 at 36, 60, 96 and 120 hr was 99%, 95%, 88%, 66%, respectively. The 153Sm-EDTMP showed constantly higher bone uptake from 2 to 48 hr after injection. CONCLUSION: 153Sm-EDTMP, labeled at pH 8 reaction condition, has been stably maintained. Image of 153Sm-EDTMP at 2, 24, 48 hr after injection, demonstrate that 153Sm-EDTMP is a good bone seeking radiopharmaceuticals.
Academies and Institutes ; Animals* ; Chromatography, Paper ; Daejeon ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Korea ; Nuclear Energy ; Radiopharmaceuticals ; Rats

Anthocyanin pigments from varieties of black, red and wild rice were identified and quantified to evaluate their potential as nutritional function, natural colorants or functional food ingredients. Anthocyanin extraction was conducted with acidified methanol with 0.1M HCl (85:15, v/v) and identification of anthocyanin, aglycone and sugar moieties was conducted by comparison with purified standards by HPLC, Ultraviolet-Visible absorption spectrophotometer and paper chromatography. Black and wild rice showed three different types of pigments by HPLC whereas red rice variety did not show any anthocyanins. Out of three pigments detected, one (peak 2) was characterized as cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) by comparison of spectroscopic and chromatographic properties with an authentic standard, and another (peak 3) was tentatively identified as cyanidin-fructoside on the basis of spectroscopic properties with lambdamax of aglycone in 1% HCl methanol at 537 nm, electrospray ionization mass spectra with major ions at 449 and 287 m/z and chromatographic properties. But another pigment (peak 1) has not been characterized. The most abundant anthocyanin in black and wild rice was C3G.
Absorption ; Anthocyanins ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chromatography, Paper ; Functional Food ; Glucosides ; Ions ; Methanol

The ability to use dry blood spots (DBSs) on filter paper for the analysis of urea levels could be an important diagnostic tool for areas that have limited access to laboratory facilities. We developed a method for the extraction and quantification of urea from DBSs that were stored on 3M Whatman filter paper and investigated the effect of long-term storage on the level of urea in DBSs. DBSs of 4.5 mm in diameter were used for our assay, and we determined the urea levels in blood using a commercially available enzymatic kit (UV GLDH-method; Randox laboratories Ltd., UK). The DBSs on filter discs were stored at 4degrees C or at 37degrees C for 120 days. The mean intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variance for our method of urea extraction from dried blood was 4.2% and 6.3%, respectively. We collected 75 fresh blood samples and compared the urea content of each fresh sample with the urea content of DBSs taken from corresponding fresh blood samples. Regression analysis reported a regression coefficient (r) value of 0.97 and a recovery of urea from dried spots was 102.2%. Urea concentrations in DBSs were stable for up to 120 and 90 days when stored at 4degrees C and 37degrees C, respectively. Our results show that urea can be stored and quantitatively recovered from small volumes of blood that was collected on filter paper.
*Dried Blood Spot Testing ; Filtration ; Humans ; Paper ; Regression Analysis ; Temperature ; Urea/*blood

The ability to use dry blood spots (DBSs) on filter paper for the analysis of urea levels could be an important diagnostic tool for areas that have limited access to laboratory facilities. We developed a method for the extraction and quantification of urea from DBSs that were stored on 3M Whatman filter paper and investigated the effect of long-term storage on the level of urea in DBSs. DBSs of 4.5 mm in diameter were used for our assay, and we determined the urea levels in blood using a commercially available enzymatic kit (UV GLDH-method; Randox laboratories Ltd., UK). The DBSs on filter discs were stored at 4degrees C or at 37degrees C for 120 days. The mean intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variance for our method of urea extraction from dried blood was 4.2% and 6.3%, respectively. We collected 75 fresh blood samples and compared the urea content of each fresh sample with the urea content of DBSs taken from corresponding fresh blood samples. Regression analysis reported a regression coefficient (r) value of 0.97 and a recovery of urea from dried spots was 102.2%. Urea concentrations in DBSs were stable for up to 120 and 90 days when stored at 4degrees C and 37degrees C, respectively. Our results show that urea can be stored and quantitatively recovered from small volumes of blood that was collected on filter paper.
*Dried Blood Spot Testing ; Filtration ; Humans ; Paper ; Regression Analysis ; Temperature ; Urea/*blood

Xylanase is the key enzyme to degrade xylan that is a major component of hemicellulose. The enzyme has potential industrial applications in the food, feed, paper and flax degumming industries. The use of xylanases becomes more and more important in the paper industry for bleaching purposes. Xylanases used in the pulp bleaching process should be stable and active at high temperature and alkaline pH. Thermophilic and alkalophilic xylanases could be obtained by screening the wild type xylanases or engineering the mesophilic and neutral enzymes. In this paper, we reviewed recent progress of screening of the thermophilic and alkalophilic xylanases, molecular mechanism of thermal and alkaline adaptation and molecular engineering. Future research prospective was also discussed.
Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases ; chemistry ; Enzyme Stability ; Hot Temperature ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Paper ; Protein Engineering