Abstract: The activities of four CYP450 enzymes (CYP3A, 1A2, 2El and 2C) and the mRNA expression levels of CYP1A2, 2El, 2Cll and 3A1 in rat liver were determined after Wistar rats were orally administered with brucine (BR) at three dosage levels (3, 15 and 60 mg.kg-1 per day) and the high dose of BR combined with glycyrrhetinic acid (GA, 25 mg.kg-1 per day) or liquiritin (LQ, 20 mg.kg-1 per day) for 7 consecutive days. Compared with the control, brucine caused 24.5% and 34.6% decrease of CYP3A-associated testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation (6betaTesto-OH) and CYP2C-associated tolbutamide hydroxylation (Tol-OH), respectively, and 146.1% increase of CYP2El-associated para-nitrophenol hydroxylation (PNP-OH) at the high dose level. On the other hand, (BR+GA) caused 51.4% and 33.5% decrease, respectively, of CYP2El-associated PNP-OH and CYP1A2-associated ethoxyresorufin-O-de-ethylation (EROD) as compared with the high dose of BR group. Meanwhile, (BR+LQ) caused 41.1% decrease of CYP2El-associated PNP-OH and 37.7% increase of CYP2C-associated Tol-OH. The results indicated that the co-administration of BR with GA or LQ had effect on mRNA expression and activities of the CYP450 enzymes mentioned above to some extent, and the in vivo antagonism of LQ on BR-induced CYPs adverse effects and the in vivo inhibitory action of GA on CYP2E1 and 1A2 might play an important role in the detoxification of Radix Glycyrrhizae against Strychnos nux-vomica L.

Objective To observe the therapeutic efficiency of naoxintong capsule on the patients with moderate obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrom ( OSAHS ) of cognitive dysfunction. Methods Sixty pa?tients of moderate OSAHS were randomly divided into treatment group and control group, 30 cases in each group. Patients in the treatment group were given naoxintong capsule,three goals,three times a day,at the same time,with double level positive pressure ventilation therapy for 3 months. Patients in the control group accepted double level positive pressure ventilation therapy for 3 months. The questionnaires of Montreal Cognitive Assess? ment( MoCA) were administered to assess cognitive in all the patients before and after treatment. Results There was no statistically significant difference in term of MoCA score between the two groups before treatment( t=0. 14,P>0. 05). After treatment,the MoCA score of the treatment group was (25. 83+1. 70),of control group was (22. 70+2. 51),the difference was statistically significant(t=5. 62,P<0. 05). The visual space and execu?tive function,naming,attention,language,abstract,delayed recall and directional score in the treatment group af?ter treatment were (5. 03±0. 81) points,(2. 90±0. 31) points,(4. 73±0. 58) points,(2. 63±0. 49) points, (1. 97±0. 18) points,(3. 93±0. 98) points,(5. 03±0. 56) points respectively,compared with before treatment ((4.07±0.79) points,(2.17±0.59) points,(3.40±0.50) points,(2.03±0.49) points,(1.80±0.41) points,(2. 87±0. 73) points,(4. 03±0. 77) points),the differences were statistically significant (t=6. 55, 6. 89,13. 36,5. 29,2. 41,4. 87,6. 60;P<0. 05) . The naming,attention,language,abstract,delayed recall and di?rectional score in the control group after treatment were ( 2. 77 ± 0. 43 ) points, ( 4. 07 ± 0. 75 ) points, ( 2. 20 ±0. 55) points,(1. 87±0. 35) points,(3. 10±0. 66) points,(4. 67±0. 71) points respectively,ompared with be?fore treatment((2. 30±0. 65) points,(3. 43±0. 68) points,(2. 00±0. 70) points,(1. 73±0. 45) points,(2. 93 ±0. 58) points,(3. 93±0. 69) points),the differences were statistically significant(t=5. 04,4. 34,2. 26,2. 11, 2. 41,6. 28;P<0. 05) . MoCA score in treatment group than the control group have improved significantly in visu?al space and executive function,attention,language and delayed recall,directional ( t=4. 51,3. 80,3. 22,3. 86, 2. 23,P<0. 05) . Conclusion Naoxintong capsule can improve cognitive dysfunction in patients with moderate OSAHS.

Objective To investigate the effects of early Xuebijing injection on procalcitonin (PCT) with septic shock patients.Methods Sixty-five patients with septic shock were randomly divided into the control group and Xuebijing injection group.The patients in Xuebijing injection group were received Xuebijing injection therapy(50 ml Xuebijing + 100 ml 0.9％ NaCl injection,2 times/d,for 7 d) besides basic treatment,while in the control group were received basic treatment including antibiotic susceptibility + early fluid resuscitation + correct acidosis.At the entering the ICU day and 1,3,5 d after treatment,patients were collected 5 ml venous blood serum C reactive protein(CRP) and PCT,and before treatment and at the 5th,7th day after treatment conducted APACHE Ⅱ evaluation to observation of curative effect of two groups.Results Before treatment,there were no significant difference in terms of heart rate,blood pressure,PCT,CRP,APACHE Ⅱ scores between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).There was no significant difference in terms of PCT and CRP between the two groups at the 1 d after treatment(P ＞0.05).While at the 3th day after treatment,PCT and CRP of Xuebijing group were lower than of control group and the differences were significant ((7.37 ± 2.58) μg/L vs.(12.25 ± 3.32) μg/L,(64.32 ± 11.12) mg/L vs.(72.37 ± 12.42) mg/L;P ＜0.05).The APACHEⅡ score in control group at before and 5th,7th day after treatment were (20.48 ± 4.41),(16.52 ± 3.45),(12.78 ± 2.91) respectively,in Xuebijing injection group were (20.74 ± 4.73),(12.48 ± 2.76),(9.24 ± 6.67) respectively.And all indices were significant different time points between groups (P ＜ 0.05).At 7th day after treatment,15 cases were improved,10 cases progressed and 8 cases died in the control group and the effect rate was 75.8％ (25/33).Meanwhile,22 cases were improved,5 cases progressed and 5 cases died in the Xuebijing group and effect rate was 84.8％ (27/32).There was significant difference between two group(x2 =7.27,P =0.03).Conclusion Early Xuebijing injection application can inhibit the PCT r~tion of septic shock patients and improve the prognosis.

Objective To explore the mechanism of severe intermittent hypoxia on oognitive function by evaluatig the effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia on cognitive function,neurons structure,damage,p38MAPK protein expression and neuronal apoptosis in rats hippocampal CA1.Methods Ninety-six mature and male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups:control group (UC) and 5％ chronic intermittent hypoxia group (5％CIH).Rats in IH groups were suffered 8 hours intermittent hypoxia everyday,and the duration of experiment was respectively 2,4,6 and 8 weeks.After exposed for 2,4,6,and 8 weeks,the cognitive function of rats was assessed with the Morris water maze (MWM) ; the changes in the morphology of nerve cells in hippocampus CA1 region were observed; the expression of phosphorylated p38MAPK protein in hippocampus was detected by the methods of immunohistochemistry and western blot; the apoptosis of nerve cells was detected by the method of TUNEL.Results Compared with control group,with prolonged hypoxia,the time of escape latency obviously prolonged and the time of across the target quadrant shortened significantly in rats of 5％ CIH group.The time of escape latency at the 8th week was the longest ((71.71 ± 5.49)s,P＜ 0.05) in 5％ CIH group,and the time of across the target quadrant at the 8th week was the shortest ((26.82 ± 4.30) s,P ＜ 0.05) in 5％ CIH group.There appeared neuronal degeneration and necrosis in hippocampus CA1 in 5％ CIH group.Compared with the control group,the density of the nerve cells survival in the region of hippocampal CA1 reduced dramatically at the 2nd,4th,6th and 8th week and was the lowest at the 8th week(14.16 ± 2.07,P ＜ 0.05).By Immunohistochemical method,the expression of phosphorylated p38 MAPK of 5％ CIH group in hippocampal CA1 was more than UC group at the 2nd,4th,6th and 8th week.By western blot,the expression of phosphorylated p38MAPK of 5％ CIH group was more than UC group at the 2nd,4th,6th and 8th week and was the most at the 6th week (2.45 ± 0.14,P＜ 0.05) ;the index of neuronal apoptosis in hippocampal CA1 was increased significantly at the 2nd,4th,6th and 8th week than UC group and reached to the peak at the 6th week (0.608 ± 0.069,P ＜ 0.05) in the 5 ％ CIH group.Conclusion Chronic intermittent hypoxia could cause the activation of p38MAPK/pathway of neuronal apoptosis and was important mechanism of cognitive dysfunction at the early and middle stage.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect and clinical significance of serum S100β and NSE on moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAHS) after the continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). METHOD: A total of 60 cases with obstructive sleep apnea were choosed with PSG in our hospital in June 2009 to June 2009. According to apnea hypoventilation index and at night the lowest oxygen saturation, divided into severe group (n=60) and moderate group (n=60), selecting 60 cases of healthy physical examination for a control over the same period. According to the length of the course of the disease in patients with each group can be divided into <5 years group, 5-10 years and > 10 years group, severe and moderate groups were recruited to undergo an CPAP treatment,both before and after treatment for 3 months, the lowest oxygen saturation, average blood oxygen saturation and apnea hypoventilation index were determined in moderate and severe groups with PSG, at the same time, serum S100β and NSE were determined with immune enzyme-linked adsorption testing before and after patients in different course of treatment and control group. RESULT: Compared with pretherapy of severe and moderate groups, the lowest oxygen saturation, average blood oxygen saturation and apnea hypoventilation index were ower after treatment (P<0. 05), serum S100β and NSE in severe and moderate groups before and after treatment were significantly higher than control group (P<0. 05), and two groups > 10 years before and after treatment in patients with serum according to beta and NSE levels higher than 5-10 patients, 5-10 patients before and after treatment according to beta and NSE serum levels higher than <5 years group of patients, the relation between the two groups of patients before and after treatment according to beta and NSE serum levels with the extension of history time increased. Before the treatment serum according to beta and NSE in patients with severe group were higher than moderate group before treatment (P< 0.05). Relation between the two groups after treatment according to beta and serum NSE was significantly decreased the (P<0. 05), the relation between the two groups after treatment according to beta and serum NSE, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0. 05), the relation between two groups according to beta, NSE serum are positively correlated with AHI (P < 0. 01). CONCLUTION CPAP significantly reduced serum S100β and NSE levels in patients with OSAHS, both may be important index which evaluated nervous system protection of CPAP in patients with OSAHS.
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure ; Humans ; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase ; blood ; S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit ; blood ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; blood ; therapy

Objective To observe the changes of learning function and neuron-specific enolase (NSE)protein of both brian and serum in rats after intermittent hypoxia,and explore the relation between NSE protein and learning and memory function.Methods Male Wistar adult rats(n=48)were randomly divided into control group (UC group) and 7.5％ chronic intermittent hypoxia group (7.5％CIH group).7.5％ chronic intermittent hypoxia model in rats were simalated by using the self-made cabin of intermittent hypoxia.At the 2nd,4th,6th,and 8th week respectively,learning and memory function in rat was tested by Morris water maze in two groups.The level of NSE protein in hippocampal CA1 region was detected by immunohistochemical method,and was detected in serum of rats by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent adsorption method.Results Compared with the control group,7.5％ CIH group at the 2nd,4th,6th,and 8th week in rats from the second week of the escape latency time was 44.13± 2.84) s,(50.35 ± 1.96) s,(57.47 ± 1.66) s,(62.85 ± 1.80) s,and across the target quadrant time was 48.81 ± 2.09) s,(42.04± 1.84) s,(36.82± 2.07) s,(31.81 ± 1.68) s.From the first two weeks,the longer the hypoxia time prolonged,the longer the rat's escapedlatency (P＜0.05) and the shorter the rats acrossed the target quadrant (P ＜0.05).7.5％ CIH group of hippocampal CA1 neurons NSE protein at the 2nd,4th,6th,and 8th week was (9.69±1.37),17.10± 1.87),(24.79± 3.51),(34.16±5.35),respectively,and serum NSE protein at the 2nd,4th,6th,and 8th week respectively was (6.03±0.91) μg/L,(11.04± 1.89) μg/L,(16.39± 1.00) μg/L,(24.22±3.73) μg/L,both of which were more than the control group.The difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).7.5％ CIH group of hippocampal CA1 neurons and serum NSE protein expression were significant time differences,and gradually increased over time.The difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).Positive NSE protein expression in hippocampal CA1 region relative NSE and serum protein expression values were positively correlated (r=0.94,P ＜0.01).But in control group NSE protein expression did not exist time difference (P＞0.05).Conclusion Intermittent hypoxia can cause NSE levels significant increase in serum and brain tissue,and the dynamic changes of them can reflect severity of learning and memory impairement in rat.

Chongqing Medical University selected some five-year clinical medical undergradu-ates to set up the pilot class which was called 'clinician excellent class' and implemented the 'organ-systems-based curriculum' (OSBC) integration teaching reform on them. The OSBC teaching of the cardiovascular system breaks the traditional pattern, and carries on the comprehensive reorganization to the curriculum contents and the teaching personnel, and emphasizes the collective preparation, the new teaching method and the reasonable evaluation system. Although OSBC teaching of the cardiovas-cular system has made some achievements, but there are still many deficiencies need to reflect on and improve.

The standardized training is an indispensible stage for the improvement of residents' comprehensive quality and for the training of high-qualified talents.The article preliminarily explored the standardized training model for residents,which was in accordance with the characteristics of the department of cardiology mainly from four aspects:the set-up of reasonable training program,the training of practical skills,the training of humanistic quality and the training of life-long learning ability.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the expression and the distribution of human beta defensin (hBD)-4 in healthy gingiva.

METHODSHealthy gingival specimens were collected. The expression of hBD-4 peptides in 18 gingival specimens were detected by immunohistochemistry. The hBD-4 mRNA were determined in freshly isolated gingival tissue by real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real time RT-PCR) in 30 gingival specimens.

RESULTSIn 18 gingival specimens, hBD-4 peptides were expressed in 13 gingival specimens. In 30 gingival specimens, hBD-4 were detected in 4 gingival specimens by real time RT-PCR.

CONCLUSIONThe distribution and the expression levels of hBD-4 are different in healthy gingiva. This result may suggest that the hBD-4 play a role in maintaining the periodontal health.

Objective: To investigate the level of human blood basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and its correlation with behavioral phenotypes, to provide a reference for etiological research of ASD. Methods: ASD Children were selected to get rehabitation training in reseach center of children development behavior in Harbin Medical University and the rehabitation constitution for ASD disabilities in Heilongjiang, 40 children were induded as ASD group, 41 healthy children in Harbin kindergarten was classified as control group. The Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) were used to assess the severity and intelligence of ASD children, respectively. Results: No difference was found in FGF2 level between ASD children (4.95 pg/mL) and normal children(8.51 pg/mL)（P>0.05). However, difference in FGF2 level between the two groups were found in 4-year-old group(P<0.05). The level of FGF2 differed across different severity and intelligence of ASD children(P<0.05). Conclusion Abnormal levels of FGF2 in ASD children may correlate with severity of autistic traits and intelligence of children.