Carotid Body Tumor ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Male

Cholangiocarcinoma ; pathology ; Female ; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; methods ; Soft Tissue Neoplasms ; pathology ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; methods

Proliferating trichilemmal cyst is a rapidly growing large cutaneous adnexal neoplasm occurring on the head and neck region of elderly women. Malignant transformation has rarely been reported in these lesions. We describe here a 85-year-old lady who presented with a large ulcerated growth over the scalp for one year duration. Incisional biopsy revealed proliferating trichilemmal cyst with malignant transformation. She underwent wide local excision of this growth. She is alive and without evidence of disease after 14 months of follow up. Because of limited number of cases reported in literature, management of malignant proliferating trichilemmal cyst is controversial. Treatment mainly entails wide local surgical excision. Many other adjuvant modalities have been tried. This paper presents the diagnosis and management of one case of malignant proliferating trichilemmal cyst followed by review of the literature.
Cysts ; Literature ; Review [Publication Type] ; Malignant - descriptor ; Malignant Neoplasms

Anal fistulas, especially complex and high fistulas, are difficult to manage. The transanal opening of the intersphincteric space (TROPIS) procedure was first described in 2017, and a high success rate of over 90% was reported in high complex fistulas. Since then, more studies and even a meta-analysis have corroborated the high efficacy of this procedure in high fistulas. Conventionally, the main focus was to close the internal (primary) opening for the fistula to heal. However, most complex fistulas have a component of the fistula tract in the intersphincteric plane. This component is like an abscess (sepsis) in a closed space (2 muscle layers). It is a well-known fact that in the presence of sepsis, healing by secondary intention leads to better results than attempting to heal by primary intention. Therefore, TROPIS is the first procedure in which, instead of closing the internal opening, the opening is widened by laying open the fistula tract in the intersphincteric plane so that healing can occur by secondary intention. Although the drainage of high intersphincteric abscesses through the transanal route was described 5 decades ago, the routine utilization of TROPIS for the definitive management of high complex fistulas was first described in 2017. The external anal sphincter (EAS) is completely spared in TROPIS, as the fistula tract on either side of the EAS is managed separately—inner (medial) to the EAS by laying open the intersphincteric space and outer (lateral) to the EAS by curettage or excision.