The ectopic pancreas is rare abnormal anatomy. This paper introduced 4 cases of the ectopic pancreas, which had occurred when patients were fetuses. The ectopic pancreas mainly focused in the upper digestive tract. In generally, there were no symptoms. If have, the symptoms were various which depended on the position and size such as digestive bleeding, ileus, intussuseption and pancreatic pathology such as acute or chronic pancreatitis. The ectopic pancreas usually was diagnosed before operation. It should remove the ectopic pancreas if it is the pathogen.
Pancreas ; diagnosis ; Anatomy

To attempt a rigorous definition of the structure of the accessory spleen (AS) in the Chinese hamster, we examined twenty-one animals, and found AS in 5 animals (23.8%), which were over 7-month-old. The AS had no connection with the main spleen and was seen as a dark red oval organ (0.7 mm x 1.5 mm), which was embedded in the adipose tissue near the tail of the pancreas. It was demarcated from the adipose tissue and some pancreatic tissue. The organ was encapsulated by thin collagenous connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers, and contained lymphatic nodules, reticular fibers, nodular central arterioles, macrophages and megakaryocytes. Notably the incidence of AS appeared to increase with age in the Chinese hamsters.
Adipose Tissue/anatomy & histology ; Age Factors ; Animals ; Connective Tissue/anatomy & histology ; Cricetinae ; Cricetulus/*anatomy & histology ; Erythrocytes/cytology ; Lymphocytes/cytology ; Muscle, Smooth/anatomy & histology ; Pancreas ; Spleen/*anatomy & histology/cytology

PURPOSE: Our aim to assess clinical significance of the relation between inferior mesenteric vein ligation and collateral blood supply (meandering mesenteric artery) to the splenic flexure with elaboration more in anatomical landmarks and technical tips. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We review the literature regarding the significance of the collateral vessels around inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) root and provide our prospective operative findings, anatomical landmarks and technical tips. We analyzed the incidence and pattern of anatomic variation of collateral vessels around the IMV. RESULTS: A total of 30 consecutive patients have been prospectively observed in a period between June 25-2012 and September 7-2012. Nineteen males and eleven females with mean age of 63 years. Major colorectal procedures were included. There were three anatomical types proposed, based on the relation between IMV and the collateral vessel. Type A and B in which either the collateral vessel crosses or runs close to the IMV with incidence of 43.3% and 13.3%, respectively, whereas type C is present in 43.3%. There was no definitive relation between the artery and vein. No intra or postoperative ischemic events were reported. CONCLUSION: During IMV ligation, inadvertent ligation of Arc of Riolan or meandering mesenteric artery around the IMV root "in type A&B" might result in compromised blood supply to the left colon, congestion, ischemia and different level of colitis or anastomotic dehiscence. Therefore, careful dissection and skeletonization at the IMV root "before ligation if necessary" is mandatory to preserve the collateral vessel for the watershed area and to avoid further injury.
Duodenum/anatomy & histology ; Female ; Humans ; Ligation/*methods ; Male ; Mesenteric Veins/*surgery ; Middle Aged ; Pancreas/anatomy & histology ; Prospective Studies

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to provide better understanding as to how the "double" vascular arcades, in contrast to other intestinal marginal vessels, develop along the right margin of the pancreatic head. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In human fetuses between 8-30 weeks, we described the topographical anatomy of the vessels, bile duct, duodenum as well as the ventral and dorsal primordia of the pancreatic head with an aid of pancreatic polypeptide immunohisto-chemistry. RESULTS: The contents of the hepatoduodenal ligament crossed the superior side of the pylorus. Moreover, the right hepatic artery originating from the superior mesenteric artery ran along the superior aspect of the pancreatic head. An arterial arcade, corresponding to the posterior pancreaticoduodenal arteries, encircled the superior part of the pancreatic head, whereas another arcade, corresponding to the anterior pancreaticoduodenal arteries, surrounded the inferior part. The dorsal promordium of the pancreas surrounded and/or mixed the ventral primordium at 13-16 weeks. Thus, both arterial arcades were likely to attach to the dorsal primordium. CONCLUSION: The fetal anatomy of the pancreaticoduodenal vascular arcades as well as that of the hepatoduodenal ligament were quite different from adults in topographical relations. Thus, in the stage later than 30 weeks, further rotation of the duodenum along a horizontal axis seemed to be required to move the pylorus posterosuperiorly and to reflect the superior surface of the pancreatic head posteriorly. However, to change the topographical anatomy of the superior and inferior arterial arcades into the final position, re-arrangement of the pancreatic parenchyma might be necessary in the head.
Arteries/*embryology ; Duodenum/anatomy & histology/*blood supply/*embryology ; Female ; Fetus/*blood supply ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Pancreas/anatomy & histology/*blood supply/*embryology ; Pregnancy

OBJECTIVETo study the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and 3D visualization of the pancreas and create anatomy of the digitalized visual pancreas so as to construct a concrete basis for virtual operation and surgical operation on pancreas.

METHODSThe digital imaging data of pancreas, duodenum, common bile duct, arteries and veins were obtained from the Virtual Chinese Human-Female 1 (VCH-F1) and processed using ACDSee and Photoshop so as to reconstruct 3D pancreas digitally and realize 3D visualization of pancreas.

RESULTSWe successfully 3D reconstructed and visualized the pancreas and the peri-pancreatic structures: the duodenum, the common bile duct, the inferior vena cava, the portal vein vessels, the aorta, the ceoliac trunk vessels. The 3D and visualized pancreas manifested itself with its complete structure as well as its adjacency to other tissues.

CONCLUSIONSThe 3D reconstruction and 3D visualization of the pancreas based on the digital data of VCH-F1 produces a digitally visualized pancreas, which promises us a novel method for virtual operation on pancreas, clinical operation on pancreas and anatomy of 3D visualized pancreas.

Anatomy, Cross-Sectional ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Pancreas ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Visible Human Projects

OBJECTIVETo explore living anatomy of pancreas and peripancreatic spaces,as well as their implications on laparoscopic gastrectomy with D(2) lymphadenectomy for distal gastric cancer.

METHODSLiving observation was carried out in 132 patients diagnosed as distal gastric cancer and undergoing laparoscopic gastrectomy with D(2) lymphadenectomy.

RESULTSSpaces between greater omentum and transverse mesocolon continued to pre-pancreatic and retro-pancreatic spaces at inferior margin of pancreas. The pre-pancreatic and retro-pancreatic spaces continued each other at inferior and superior margin of pancreas and extended in all directions. Left gastroepiploic vessels were located in pre-pancreatic spaces at superior margin of pancreatic tail. In retro-pancreatic space at inferior margin of pancreatic neck, superior mesenteric veins were located. In retro-pancreatic spaces or in gastric mesenteries inferior to gastric antrum, right gastroepiploic vessels were located. In spaces between gastric antrum and pancreatic heads, gastroduodenal arteries were located and traced to locate common hepatic arteries. In retro-pancreatic spaces at superior margin of pancreatic body, common hepatic arteries, left gastric arteries,celiac arteries and splenic arteries were located. Hepatopancreatic folds and gastropancreatic folds were landmarks respective to locate common hepatic arteries and left gastric arteries. The aforementioned vessels and spaces in their vagina vasorum continued each other and united as a whole.

CONCLUSIONSLaparoscopic gastrectomy with D(2) lymphadenectomy for distal gastric cancer is carried out in macroscopic surgical planes of pre-pancreatic space and retro-pancreatic space, as well as their extensions in all directions, and in microscopic surgical planes of spaces in vagina vasorum of perigastric vessels which continue each other, under the guidance of central landmarks of pancreas and concrete landmarks of vessel trunks and their furcations.

Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Gastrectomy ; methods ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Lymph Node Excision ; methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Staging ; Pancreas ; anatomy & histology ; Stomach ; anatomy & histology ; Stomach Neoplasms ; pathology ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome

This pictorial review aims to illustrate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and presentation patterns of anatomical variations and various benign and malignant pathologies of the duodenum, including sphincter contraction, major papilla variation, prominent papilla, diverticulum, annular pancreas, duplication cysts, choledochocele, duodenal wall thickening secondary to acute pancreatitis, postbulbar stenosis, celiac disease, fistula, choledochoduodenostomy, external compression, polyps, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, ampullary carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. MRI is a useful imaging tool for demonstrating duodenal pathology and its anatomic relationships with adjacent organs, which is critical for establishing correct diagnosis and planning appropriate treatment, especially for surgery.
Ampulla of Vater/anatomy & histology/radiography ; Choledochal Cyst/pathology/radiography ; Diverticulum/radiography ; Duodenal Diseases/pathology/*radiography ; Duodenum/*anatomy & histology/radiography ; Humans ; *Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Pancreas/abnormalities/anatomy & histology/radiography ; Pancreatic Diseases/radiography

OBJECTIVETo investigate role of exocrine cells in the pancreatic enhancement images at Manganese (II) N, N'-dipyridoxylethlenediamine-N, N'-diacetate 5, 5'-bisc (Mn-DPDP)-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.

METHODSArtificial pancreatic leakage was constructed in six dogs using a fistula tube inserted into the duodenum papillae. Pancreatic juice was collected before and after intravenous infusion of 2 ml/kg of Mn-DPDP at a rate of 2 - 3 ml/min. The Mn content of pancreatic juice was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. T(1)-weighted spin-echo images and T(1)-weighted spoiled phase gradient-echo (SPGR) images were obtained prior and approximately 30 min after the administration of Mn-DPDP at 1.5T.

RESULTSThe Mn content of pancreatic secretion increased 60.47 +/- 21.83 micro g/dl after the administration of Mn-DPDP (t = 6.785, P < 0.01). The signal/noise ratio (S/N) of the pancreas increased 53 percent +/- 49 percent and 62 percent +/- 44% on T(1)W spin echo images and SPGR images, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSExocrine cells of the pancreas can absorb manganese and excrete it through the pancreatic juice. Exocrine cells play an important role in the enhancement of the pancreas in MR imaging with Mn-DPDP.

Animals ; Contrast Media ; Dogs ; Edetic Acid ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacokinetics ; Image Enhancement ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Manganese ; pharmacokinetics ; Pancreas ; anatomy & histology ; metabolism ; Pyridoxal Phosphate ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacokinetics

Objective: At present, surgeons do not know enough about the mesenteric morphology of the colonic splenic flexure, resulting in many problems in the complete mesenteric resection of cancer around the splenic flexure. In this study, the morphology of the mesentery during the mobilization of the colonic splenic flexure was continuously observed in vivo, and from the embryological point of view, the unique mesenteric morphology of the colonic splenic flexure was reconstructed in three dimensions to help surgeons further understand the mesangial structure of the region. Methods: A total of 9 patients with left colon cancer who underwent laparoscopic radical resection with splenic flexure mobilization by the same group of surgeons in Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University from January 2018 to June 2019 were enrolled. The splenic flexure was mobilized using a "three-way approach" strategy based on a middle-lateral approach. During the process of splenic flexure mobilization, the morphology of the transverse mesocolon and descending mesocolon were observed and reconstructed from the embryological point of view. The lower margin of the pancreas was set as the axis, and 4 pictures for each patient (section 1-section 4) were taken during middle-lateral mobilization. Results: The median operation time of the splenic flexure mobilization procedure was 31 (12-55) minutes, and the median bleeding volume was 5 (2-30) ml. One patient suffered from lower splenic vessel injury during the operation and the bleeding was stopped successfully after hemostasis with an ultrasound scalpel. The transverse mesocolon root was observed in all 9 (100%) patients, locating under pancreas, whose inner side was more obvious and tough, and the structure gradually disappeared in the tail of the pancreatic body, replaced by smooth inter-transitional mesocolon and dorsal lobes of the descending colon. The mesenteric morphology of the splenic flexure was reconstructed by intraoperative observation. The transverse mesocolon was continuous with a fan-shaped descending mesocolon. During the embryonic stage, the medial part (section 1-section 2) of the transverse mesocolon and the descending mesocolon were pulled and folded by the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Then, the transverse mesocolon root was formed by compression of the pancreas on the folding area of the transverse mesocolon and the descending mesocolon. The lateral side of the transverse mesocolon root (section 3-section 4) was distant from the mechanical traction of the SMA, and the corresponding folding area was not compressed by the tail of the pancreas. The posterior mesangial lobe of the transverse mesocolon and the descending mesocolon were continuous with each other, forming a smooth lobe. This smooth lobe laid flat on the corresponding membrane bed composed of the tail of pancreas, Gerota's fascia and inferior pole of the spleen. Conclusions: From an embryological point of view, this study reconstructs the mesenteric morphology of the splenic flexure and proposes a transverse mesocolon root structure that can be observed consistently intraopertively. Cutting the transverse mesocolon root at the level of Gerota's fascia can ensure the complete resection of the mesentery of the transverse colon.
Colectomy/methods* ; Colon, Transverse/surgery* ; Colonic Neoplasms/surgery* ; Dissection ; Fascia/anatomy & histology* ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Mesentery/surgery* ; Mesocolon/surgery* ; Pancreas/surgery* ; Photography ; Spleen/surgery*