The Carnegie stage is widely applied in the field of human embryology, and it is more logical to analyze the embryos by this stage than CR length or menstrual age. In this study, the early development of the pancreas is studied by tissue observation and reconstruction using serial sections of 33 human embryo ranging from Carnegie stages 11 to 23. The dorsal pancreas develops from the dorsal wall of the duodenum in stage 12, and the ventral pancreas from the proximal part of the cystic primordium in stage 13 or 14 as a single epithelial thickening, but in one case, as a bilateral thickening which contains some isolated spaces. The rotation of the ventral pancreas starts in stage 15, and completes in stage 17. Surrounding connective tissue differentiates in stage 18.
Female ; Human ; Pancreas/*embryology ; Pregnancy

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to provide better understanding as to how the "double" vascular arcades, in contrast to other intestinal marginal vessels, develop along the right margin of the pancreatic head. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In human fetuses between 8-30 weeks, we described the topographical anatomy of the vessels, bile duct, duodenum as well as the ventral and dorsal primordia of the pancreatic head with an aid of pancreatic polypeptide immunohisto-chemistry. RESULTS: The contents of the hepatoduodenal ligament crossed the superior side of the pylorus. Moreover, the right hepatic artery originating from the superior mesenteric artery ran along the superior aspect of the pancreatic head. An arterial arcade, corresponding to the posterior pancreaticoduodenal arteries, encircled the superior part of the pancreatic head, whereas another arcade, corresponding to the anterior pancreaticoduodenal arteries, surrounded the inferior part. The dorsal promordium of the pancreas surrounded and/or mixed the ventral primordium at 13-16 weeks. Thus, both arterial arcades were likely to attach to the dorsal primordium. CONCLUSION: The fetal anatomy of the pancreaticoduodenal vascular arcades as well as that of the hepatoduodenal ligament were quite different from adults in topographical relations. Thus, in the stage later than 30 weeks, further rotation of the duodenum along a horizontal axis seemed to be required to move the pylorus posterosuperiorly and to reflect the superior surface of the pancreatic head posteriorly. However, to change the topographical anatomy of the superior and inferior arterial arcades into the final position, re-arrangement of the pancreatic parenchyma might be necessary in the head.
Arteries/*embryology ; Duodenum/anatomy & histology/*blood supply/*embryology ; Female ; Fetus/*blood supply ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Pancreas/anatomy & histology/*blood supply/*embryology ; Pregnancy

The treatment of diabetes mellitus, as a chronic and complicated disease, is a valuable purpose. Islet transplantation can provide metabolic stability and insulin independence in type 1 diabetes patients. Diet and insulin therapy are only diabetes controllers and cannot remove all of the diabetes complications. Moreover, islet transplantation is more promising treatment than whole pancreas transplantation because of lesser invasive surgical procedure and morbidity and mortality. According to the importance of extracellular matrix for islet viability and function, microenvironment remodeling of pancreatic endocrine tissue can lead to more success in diabetes treatment by pancreatic islets. Production of bioengineered pancreas and remodeling of pancreas extracellular matrix provide essential microenvironment for re-vascularization, re-innervation and signaling cascades triggering. Therefore, islets show better viability and function in these conditions. Researchers conduct various scaffolds with different biomaterials for the improvement of islet viability, function and transplantation outcome. The attention to normal pancreas anatomy, embryology and histology is critical to understand the pancreatic Langerhans islets niche and finally to achieve efficient engineered structure. Therefore, in the present study, the status and components of the islets niche is mentioned and fundamental issues related to the tissue engineering of this structure is considered. The purpose of this review article is summarization of recent progress in the endocrine pancreas tissue engineering and biomaterials and biological aspects of it.
Biocompatible Materials ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diet ; Embryology ; Extracellular Matrix ; Humans ; Insulin ; Islets of Langerhans ; Islets of Langerhans Transplantation ; Mortality ; Pancreas ; Pancreas Transplantation ; Tissue Engineering*

OBJECTIVETo examine the expression of nestin and neurogenin 3 (Ngn3), the markers of pancreatic stem cells, in the human fetal pancreas.

METHODSThe human fetal pancreas tissue of 12 and 14 weeks were examined for the expression of nestin and Ngn3 using the techniques of immunofluorescence dye and RT-PCR.

RESULTSBoth nestin and Ngn3 expressed widely in 12 and 14 weeks before in human fetal pancreatic tissue. In these positive cells there was no co-expressing insulin or glucagon. There were nestin and Ngn3 co-expressing cells in ducts but not in the islets. The results of RT-PCR also indicated the expression of nestin and Ngn3.

CONCLUSIONSThere was no expression of the markers of mature endocrine cells in the nestin and Ngn3 positive cells, and they were the marks of no-differentiation cells in the human fetal pancreatic tissue.

Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Fluoroimmunoassay ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Intermediate Filament Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Nestin ; Pancreas ; cytology ; embryology ; metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

OBJECTIVETo verify the hypothesis that selected nestin positive cells derived from human fetal pancreas (according as medical ethnics) have surface markers similar to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and that these cells have multilineage potential.

METHODThe cell surface markers were determined by flow cytometry, and then the potential that these cells might be differentiated into adipocytes and osteoplasts were explored.

RESULTThese cells have similar surface markers as MSCs of bone marrow origin. These cells was induced to differentiate into adipocytes and osteoplasts.

CONCLUSIONSelected nestin positive cells derived from human fetal pancreas have certain characteristics of MSCs.

Adipocytes ; cytology ; Bone Marrow Cells ; cytology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Separation ; methods ; Cells, Cultured ; Fetal Stem Cells ; chemistry ; cytology ; metabolism ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Intermediate Filament Proteins ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Nestin ; Pancreas ; cytology ; embryology

OBJECTIVETo explore the mechanisms of differentiation and development of pancreatic endocrine cells as well as pancreatic regeneration.

METHODSHuman embryonic pancreatic tissue at 7-14 weeks of gestation was collected. Diabetes mellitus rat model was induced with 65 mg/kg of streptozotocin. Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, nestin, and cytokeratin 19 (CK19) of pancreatic tissues were observed by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTSAt 9 weeks of gestation, pancreatic epithelial cells began to co-express insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and CK19 before migration. Islet cells gradually congregated along with the increase of aging, and at 14 weeks of gestation histological examination showed islet formation. At 12 weeks of gestation, nestin-positive cells could be seen in the pancreatic mesenchyme. During early embryogenesis, islet cells of pancreatic ducts co-expressed insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. During pancreatic regeneration after damage, nestin expression of islet cells increased.

CONCLUSIONIn the early stage of embryogenesis, islet cells of primary pancreatic ducts can be differentiated to multipotential endocrine cells before migration. During tissue regeneration, pancreatic stem cells may differentiate and proliferate to form pancreatic islet.

Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; pathology ; Embryonic Development ; physiology ; Epithelial Cells ; cytology ; physiology ; Humans ; Insulin-Secreting Cells ; cytology ; physiology ; Islets of Langerhans ; cytology ; physiology ; Male ; Pancreas ; cytology ; embryology ; physiology ; Pancreatic Ducts ; cytology ; embryology ; physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Regeneration ; physiology ; Stem Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; physiology

A study was conducted to present clinical and statistical analysis of pediatric patients admitted to Severance Hospital between Jan. 1966 and Dec. 1975. Remakable progress has been made in the field of pediatrics and pediatric surgery, particularly in physiology, anesthesiology and operative technique. However, the ultimate result hasn't been totally satisfactory, largely due to the lack of cognizance of early diagnosis and prompt treatment. Futhermore, most of the patients with associated abnormal conditions, such as congenital heart disease, other associated G.I. anomalies and chromosomal anomalies, require surgery, urgently A total of 250 cases were analyzed according to systems. The following results were obtained; 1. 1. In the sex ratio male to female was 6-7:1. 2. 2. The order of frequency of diseases was as follows; Congenital megacolon 50 cases(20.0%), Imperforated anus 45 cases (18.0%), Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis 41 cases(16.4%), Congenital anomalies of intestine 29 cases (11.6%), Congenital anomalies of hepatobiliary system 25 cases(10.0%), Meckel's diverticulum 18 cases(7.2%), Situs inversus 11 cases (4.4%), Congenital diaphragmatic hernia 6cases(2.4%), Congenital anomalies of cecum 6 cases(2.4%), Esophageal diverticulum 6 cases (2.4%), Esophagealatresia 4 cases (1.6%), Congenital anomalies of pancreas 4 cases (1.6%), Patent omphalomessentric duct 2 cases (0.8%), Congenital intestinal perforation 2 cases (0.8%), and Congenital stomach perforation 1 cases (0.4%). 3. There was an overall mortality rate of 36 cases (18.9%), the causes of death were frequently associated with respiratory failure. 4. Associated congenital anomlies were found in 57 cases. They were G. I. Anomalies, congenital heart diseases, Down's syndrome and cleft palate. 5. Of significance was the fact in this study, congenital megacolon had the highest incidence which was in sharp contrast to accidental series in which congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis showed the peak incidence. These figures are very similar to that reported in various publications. This analysis suggest that a more keen understanding of neonatal physiology, embryology, surgical technique and improved post-operative care for anomalous patients, may certainly improve the ultimate outcome of corrective surgery.
Anal Canal ; Anesthesiology ; Cause of Death ; Cecum ; Cleft Palate ; Digestive System* ; Diverticulum, Esophageal ; Down Syndrome ; Early Diagnosis ; Embryology ; Female ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Heart Diseases ; Hernia, Diaphragmatic ; Hirschsprung Disease ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intestinal Perforation ; Intestines ; Male ; Meckel Diverticulum ; Mortality ; Pancreas ; Pediatrics ; Physiology ; Pyloric Stenosis, Hypertrophic ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Sex Ratio ; Situs Inversus ; Statistics as Topic* ; Stomach