In the folk medicine, it was believed that the raw Sanqi could remove blood stasis, swelling and pain, while the cooked Sanqi could replenish blood. This article began with the first record of Sanqi in ancient herbal medicine literature, and the nature, flavor and efficacy of Sanqi, then listed the processing methods and usage of Sanqi recorded in ancient herbal medicine literature, and compared with the modern processing methods. The results showed that the processing methods of raw Sanqi included making powder, chewing, vinegar grinding and wine grinding, in which the method of making powder was still in use, and there were particle size requirements on the Sanqi powder listed in most modern preparation specifications. The processing methods of cooked Sanqi included baking, frying and steaming, in which the method of steaming was still in use, but had some changes. The new processing method was frying with edible oil. The results clarify the history of the processing of Sanqi, and provide a reference for the research and application of the processing methods of raw and cooked Sanqi.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Panax notoginseng

This paper is aimed to study the differences of allelopathic effects of Panax notoginseng under different allelopathic chemicals resources and selection of appropriate rotation crops. The additive main effects and multiplicative interaction ( AMMI) model had been used to evaluate the stability of allelopathic effects of P. notoginseng on the varieties of corn, wheat and rice properly. The model could use not only to evaluate the stability of non-regional trial data but also explore the interaction between the rotation crop genotypes and donor substances more efficiently. Meanwhile, correspondence analysis can be used in the AMMI to evaluate genotype stability and donor substances. Ejingza No. 1 (g6) had stronger allelopathic effects with high stability, but Yunrui No. 1 (g9) which was appropriate rotation crop genotype, had weaker allelopathic effects with high stability. These findings will aid in choosing appropriate rotation crops and establishing proper rotation system.
Allelopathy ; Crops, Agricultural ; Panax notoginseng ; chemistry

This paper established the identification technology of the main root origin of three-year-old spring Panax notoginseng aiming at providing theoretical basis for the protection and traceability of geographical indication products of P. notoginseng. Forty-four samples of three-year-old spring P. notoginseng from Guangxi Baise, Yunnan Wenshan, Yunnan new cultivating regions. The stable isotopic ratios of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen were determined by elemental analysis and stable isotope mass spectrometer. Combined with Duncan multiple comparative analysis, fisher discriminant analysis and sequential discriminant analysis, a origin discriminant model for the main root of three-year-old spring P. notoginseng was established for 3 production areas of P. notoginseng. The geographical climate and environment of three production areas of P. notoginseng are obviously different. From Guangxi Baise-Yunnan Wenshan-Yunnan new cultivating regions, the longitude, average annual temperature and annual precipitation gradually decrease, and the elevation and latitude are increasing. The results of multiple comparative analysis showed that there were significant or very signi-ficant differences in the δ~(13)C,δ~(15)N,δ~2H,δ~(18)O of the main roots of P. notoginseng in three regions. The results of fisher's discriminant analysis and sequential discriminant analysis showed that the correct discriminant rates of the main roots of P. notoginseng for three regions were 80.05%,76.47% and 90.91%, respectively, based on four stable isotope ratios, with an average of 84.09%. Using stable isotope fingerprint and chemometrics method, we can distinguish the origin of the main raw materials and products of P. notoginseng.
China ; Geography ; Isotopes ; Panax notoginseng ; Seasons

Two rat hepatic intoxication models by high doses CCl4 and PAR were used. The experimental results showed that the oral administration of Panax Notoginseng (aqueous extract) with the dose of 5g/kg body weight has significantly reduced the serum concentrations of SGOT and SGPT with 29.1% and 43.1% respectively in comparison with that of CCl4 - treated control . In PAR - intoxicated group, Panax Notoginseng with the dose of 5g/kg body weight resulted in a marked decrease of SGOT and SGPT serum concentration 97.0% and 75.5%, respectively, which were significantly different from that of group without Panax Notoginseng. The hepatoprotective effect of Panax Notoginseng with the dose of 5g/kg and Silymarin with the dose of 25mg/kg on both CCl4 and PAR hepatic-intoxication models is the same. In histopathological examinations, Panax Notoginseng has improved CCl4 and PAR induced hepatic injuries
Panax notoginseng ; Carbon Tetrachloride ; poisoning ; liver ; rats ; Animal Experimentation

The continuous cropping obstacle of Panax notoginseng is serious, and effective control measures are lacking. Soil disinfection with chloropicrin(CP) has been proven to be effective in reducing the obstacles to continuous cropping of other crops. In order to ascertain the effect of CP in the continuous cropping of P. notoginseng, this paper explored the influences of CP at different treatment concentrations(0,30,40,50 kg/Mu, 1 Mu≈667 m~2) on soil macro-element nutrients, soil enzyme activity, growth and development of P. notoginseng, and the accumulation of medicinal components. The results showed that CP fumigation significantly increased the content of total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and available phosphorus in the soil, but it had no significant effect on potassium content. The soil protease activity showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the prolonging of the treatment time. Both the soil urease and acid phosphatase activities showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing with the prolonging of the treatment time. The higher the CP treatment concentration was, the lower the urease and acid phosphatase activities would be in the soil. The protease activity was relatively high after CP40 treatment, which was better than CP30 and CP50 treatments in promoting the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium accumulation in P. notoginseng. The seedling survival rates after CP0, CP30, CP40, and CP50 tratments in October were 0, 65.56%, 89.44%, and 83.33%, respectively. Compared with the CP30 and CP50 treatments, CP40 treatment significantly facilitated the growth and development of P. notoginseng, the increase in fresh and dry weights, and the accumulation of root saponins. In summary, CP40 treatment accelerates the increase in soil nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients and their accumulation in P. notoginseng, elevates the seedling survival rate of P. notoginseng, enhances the growth and development of P. notoginseng, and promotes the accumulation of medicinal components. CP40 treatment is therefore recommended in production.
Fumigation ; Growth and Development ; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated ; Panax notoginseng ; Soil

Panax notoginseng is a perennial Chinese medicinal plant, which has serious continuous cropping obstacles and is prone to a variety of diseases and insect pests during the growth process. At present, the prevention and control of pests and diseases is mainly carried out through chemical pesticides, and the consequent pesticide residues of P. notoginseng have attracted much attention. This study reviewed the types and detection methods of pesticide residues in P. notoginseng from 1981 to 2021, and compared the limits of pesticide residues in P. notoginseng in China and abroad to provide a reference for rational application of pesticides in P. notoginseng and quality control of medicinal materials, thereby promoting the sustainable development of the P. notoginseng industry in China. Currently, there are only 40 published papers on pesticide residues of P. notoginseng, which is indicative of a serious problem of insufficient research. At present, hundreds of pesticide residues in P. notoginseng can be detected simultaneously by using chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The pesticides detected have gradually changed from early prohibited ones, such as dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane(DDT), benzene hexachloride(BHC), and parathion, to low toxic ones(e.g., dimethomorph, procymidone, propicona-zole, and difenoconazole). The dietary risk from pesticide residues in P. notoginseng is low, which would not cause harm to consu-mers. This study concluded that in the future, the development of the quality standard for pesticide residues of P. notoginseng should be actively carried out. To increase the pesticides used in actual production in the quality standard based on the existing ones and to guide farmers to use pesticides scientifically will be the focus of future work.
China ; Panax notoginseng ; Pesticide Residues/analysis* ; Pesticides/analysis* ; Plants, Medicinal

The effects of four natural organic soil amendments on the quality and pesticide residues of Panax notoginseng were investigated through field experiments and the suitable dosage ratio of each soil amendment was selected to provide a new idea for the pollution-free cultivation of P. notoginseng. The four natural organic soil amendments used in this study were Jishibao, Jihuo, Fudujing, and omnipotent nutrients, which were produced by mixed fermentation of aboveground parts of different plants, biological waste residue, and biochar. During the experiments, only four soil amendments were applied to P. notoginseng instead of any pesticides and fertilizers. The experiment was designed as four factors and three levels. There were three dosage gradients(low, medium, and high) for Jishibao(A), Jihuo(B), Fudujing(C), and omnipotent nutrients(D). When the dosage of one soil amendment changed, the do-sage of the other soil amendments remained medium. There were 10 groups in addition to the soil amendment-free group as control(CK). The results showed that the four soil amendments could significantly improve the growth environment of P. notoginseng and increase the seedling survival rate and saponin content of P. notoginseng. The seedling survival rates of the treatment groups increased by 8.24%-30.05% as compared with the control group. Furthermore, the content of pesticide residues in P. notoginseng was too low to be detected, and that of heavy metals in P. notoginseng was far lower than the specified content in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020). The optimal effect was achieved at medium dosage for all the soil amendments with the highest content of saponins, high seedling survival rate, and significantly reduced heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury.
Arsenic ; Metals, Heavy/analysis* ; Panax notoginseng ; Soil ; Soil Pollutants/analysis*

This study cloned the transcription factor gene PnbHLH which held an open reading frame of 966 bp encoding 321 amino acids. This study constructed the overexpression vector of transcription factor PnbHLH of Panax notoginseng. The combination of PnbHLH overexpression and RNAi of the key enzyme gene PnCAS involved in the phytosterol biosynthesis was achieved in P. notoginseng cells, thus exploring the biosynthetic regulation of P. notoginseng saponins(PNS) by the synergistic effect of PnbHLH overexpression and PnCAS RNAi. The results showed that the PnbHLH transcription factor interacted with the promoters of key enzyme genes PnDS, PnSS and PnSE in the biosynthetic pathway of PNS, and then regulated the expression levels of key enzyme genes and affected the biosynthesis of saponins indirectly. Further study indicated that the synergistic effect of PnbHLH overexpression and PnCAS RNAi was a more effective approach to regulate the biosynthesis of saponins. Compared with the wild type and PnCAS RNAi cells of P. notoginseng, the contents of total saponins and monomeric saponins(Rd, Rb_1, Re, Rg_1 and R_1) were increased to some extent in the cell lines of PnbHLH overexpression and PnCAS RNAi. This indicated that the two ways of forward regulation and reverse regulation of saponin biosynthesis showed superposition effect. This study explored a more rational and efficient regulation strategy of PNS biosynthesis based on the advantages of multi-point regulation of transcription factors as well as the down-regulation of by-product synthesis of saponins.
Intramolecular Transferases ; Panax notoginseng ; RNA Interference ; Saponins ; Transcription Factors/genetics*

Ischemic stroke is the most common form of stroke and one of the main diseases leading to death and disability in the world. Its pathological process is complex and changeable as a result of the interaction of multiple pathological links, such as oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation. Traditional Chinese medicine Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma is the dried roots and rhizomes of Panax notoginseng. In clinic, it is mainly used for the treatment of diseases of cardio-cerebral system and vascular system. Recent studies have shown that total saponins of P. notoginseng, the main active ingredients of P. notoginseng against cerebral ischemia, are complex, and can interfere with the enzyme-promoted cascade reaction through multiple pathways, multiple links and multiple targets, so as to exert its physiological effect. Therefore, it has become a hotspot in studies for prevention and treatment of cerebral ischemia. At present, a great advance has been made in studies on the mechanism of anti-cerebral ischemia of P. notoginseng saponins, but more in-depth studies are needed because of its complex mechanism. Therefore, in this paper, a total of 165 kinds of P. notoginseng saponins were summarized, and simply divided into protopanaxadiol saponins(55 species), protopanaxadiol saponins(37 species) and special structural type saponins(73 species) according to their structural types, so as to provide reference for further studies of P. notoginseng saponins. In addition, the effect of P. notoginseng on cerebral ischemia is clear, but its mechanism remains to be further explored. This paper summarizes the mechanism of P. notoginseng saponins against cerebral ischemia in five aspects: antioxidant stress, reduction of apoptosis, reduction of inflammatory reaction, inhibition of calcium overload and protection of blood-brain barrier. Four kinds of drugs commonly used in the treatment of cerebral ischemia were summarized, in order to provide a theoretical basis for further development and utilization of P. notoginseng saponins in the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
Brain Ischemia ; Cerebral Infarction ; Humans ; Panax notoginseng ; Rhizome ; Saponins

According to the structure and effect differences of Panax notoginseng saponin components(PNSC), subcomponent division and network pharmacological characterization were conducted to provide a research basis for the medicinal properties of P.notoginseng saponin subcomponents and the technical design of unit preparations. PNSC were screened by the TCMSP database and subcomponents were classified according to systematic clustering. Then the subcomponents obtained were subjected to target prediction and attribution analysis by PharmMapper server, GeneCards, DisGeNET and HOME-NCBI-GENE database. A subcomponent target interaction network was constructed by using the STRING database. KEGG and GO enrichment analysis were performed on each subcomponent target using the DAVID database. The subcomponents-targets-pathways visualization network was constructed by Cytoscape. The subcomponent targets and pathways involved were compared to analyze the differences in anti-myocardial ischemic drug mechanisms and the rationality of subcomponent division. Eighteen compounds of PNSC were screened out, and classified into three subcomponents A, B, and C according to their properties, involving 67 targets and 17 common anti-myocardial ischemic pathways directly or indirectly related to myocardial ischemia. Subcomponent A had the highest number of targets and the target interaction was dense, possibly indicating its key role in the mechanism of pharmacodynamics. Subcomponents A, B, and C had similar basic structures, and KEGG and GO analysis showed that they all can enhance the heart function and protection of cardiomyocytes by inhibiting apoptosis, promoting angiogenesis and regulating inflammatory response to play the effect on myocardial ischemia. This study fully reflected the differences in the efficacy of various subcomponents in preventing and treating myocardial ischemia due to the different physical properties of P. notoginseng saponin subcomponents. To some extent, the differences in the efficacy of each subcomponent in the prevention and treatment of myocardial ischemia could verify the rationality of the division of P. notoginseng saponin subcomponents according to the structural properties, realizing the characterization of P. notoginseng saponin subcomponents based on structure and effect differences.
Apoptosis ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Humans ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Panax notoginseng ; Saponins