Objective;To evaluate the endourethral surgery for urethrostenosis and urethratresia. Methods:68 patients with urethrosteno-sis or urethratresia were treated by endourethral surgery, such as internal urethrotomy, transurethral scar resection. Results: Of the 68 cases, the outcome was satisfactiory in 61 (89. 71% ). Endourethral surgery was carried out once for 55 patients and twice for 6,7 patients required open surgery. All patients had followed by urethral dilatation. 59 patients were followed - up for 3 months to 5 years. 54 cases can micture normally. Conclusions; Endourethral surgery is simple,safe,efficient treatment for urethrostenosis and urethratresia.

Objective To observe the effect of HBO in the treatment of artery complications after liver transplantation.Method Five cases were treat by HBO(202.65 kpa,once every day,oxygen inhalation 60 min) and other therapies after operation.Result After HBO,the whole-body situations were obviously improved,liver functions were ameliorated,no new necrotic focuses were found,and the primary necrotic focuses were reduced or vanished.Conclusion HBO was an effective way to treat and prevent the artery complications after liver transplantation and protect the ischemic liver cells.

Great advances have been made in understanding the genesis,diagnosis,risk stratification and the targeted therapy of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) in the past decade.This article reviews the current situation in the genesis,diagnosis and risk stratification of these classic bcr-abl-negative MPNs presented in the 56th American Society of Hematology (ASH) annual meeting.

Primary myelofibrosis is a kind of chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms.The discovery of the JAK2V617F mutation as well as other molecular abnormlities underly the pathogenesis of Philadelphia negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN).The initial description of JAK2V617F mutation in 2005,the reporting of calreticulin (CALR) mutations last year and the clinical application of JAK inhibitors,showed the gradually deepening understanding with regard to the pathogenesis and the development of therapeutic strategies for primary myelofibrosis (PMF).This article reviewed the progress in diagnosis,risk stratification of of PMF,the benefits and potential side effect of JAK inhibitors,which reported on the 2014 European Hematology Association annual congress.

ObjectiveTo investigate the role and its mechanism of the NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in alveolar macrophages in ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) in rats.Methods Thirty adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups, with 10 rats in each group: spontaneous breathing control group, normal tidal volume (VT) group (VT 8 mL/kg) and high VT group (VT 40 mL/kg). All of the rats underwent tracheotomy. Then rats in spontaneous breathing control group were kept to have spontaneous breathing, while rats in normal VT group and high VT group received mechanical ventilation. After 4 hours, the rats were sacrificed by carotid artery bleeding, and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), blood serum and lung tissue were collected. Lung wet/dry ratios (W/D) were measured. Light microscopy and electron microscopy were performed to observe the pathological changes in lung tissue, and the ultrastructural changes in alveolar macrophages. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to measure the total protein content in the BALF and the interleukins (IL-1β and IL-18) in the serum and BALF. The mRNA expressions and protein levels of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC), caspase-1, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in alveolar macrophages were assayed by real-time fluorescent quantization reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western Blot.Results The structure of lung tissue and alveolar macrophages of rats in spontaneous breathing control group and normal VT group appeared normal, while obvious inflammatory changes were found in high VT group. Compared with spontaneous breathing control group and normal VT group, the ratio of W/D (8.89±0.90 vs. 5.18±0.86, 5.71±0.82, bothP< 0.05), contents of total protein, IL-1β, IL-18 in BALF were significantly increased [total protein (g/L):2.34±0.41 vs. 1.77±0.14, 1.81±0.06, IL-1β (ng/L): 133.48±10.48 vs. 81.54±3.12, 83.80±5.22, IL-18 (μg/L):4.57±0.45 vs. 3.04±0.51, 3.43±0.43, allP< 0.05], and IL-1β and IL-18 in serum were also increased [IL-1β(ng/L): 105.06±10.18 vs. 65.11±8.58, 75.30±10.62, IL-18 (μg/L): 2.27±0.09 vs. 1.18±0.34, 1.43±0.15, all P< 0.05]. The mRNA and protein expressions of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 and NF-κB in alveolar macrophages of high VT group were significantly increased compared with that of spontaneous breathing control group and normal VT group. The mRNA expressions of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 and NF-κB in high VT group were (8.53±2.21), (5.75±1.17), (7.47±1.23) and (10.86±2.38) folds of those in spontaneous breathing control group, and the protein expressions of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 and NF-κB were (1.50±0.14), (1.49±0.04), (1.53±0.15) and (1.51±0.11) folds of those in spontaneous breathing control group (allP< 0.01). There were no significant differences in all the indexes between normal VT group and spontaneous breathing control group.ConclusionNLRP3 inflammasome in alveolar macrophages may be involved in the mechanism of occurrence of VILI.

Objective To analyse the X-ray characteristics of the intraductal papilloma and to improve the diagnostic accuracy.Methods The mammographic data of 80 cases of intraductal papilloma of breast by pathology were analysed.Results 24 cases showed circular filling defect, 12 cases showed stringy filling defect,ductal blocked in 30 cases, ductal dilation in 48 cases. Conclusion Galactography is a effective method for diagnosing intraductal papilloma of the breast.

ve To explore the effectiveness of non-hazardous treatment of excreta on control of intestinal infectious diseases and parasitosis. Methods The popularization rate of sanitary latrines, the non-hazardous treatment rate of excreta, the prevalance rate of B-class intestinal infectious diseases and infectious rate of worm eggs were sta-tistically analyzed. Results With the increasing popularization rate of sanitary latrine and the non-hazardous treat-ment rate of excreta, the prevalance rates of 3 kinds of intestinal infectious diseases (dysentery, typhoid and hepatitis) decreased from 175.14/100 000 in 1991 to 57.78/100 000 in 2 000 namely decreased 67.01% . The infectious rates of helminth eggs decreased from 76.88% in 1991 to 22.16% in 2000 namely decreased 71.17%. Conclusion Non-hazardous treatment of excreta presented obvious effectiveness on disease prevention, which should be widely popularized in countryside.

Combining with the disharmonious ethical phenomena in employment of medical students at present,this paper analyses its subjective and objective reasons,and puts forward some practical approaches to the cultivation of harmonious employment ethics of medical students.

This is a review on the new progress in the study of regulation mechanism of Plasmodium falciparum Var gene family. The mutually exclusive expression system caused expression only one in 60 var genes while others were silenced. It was regulated on the transcriptional level mainly through three pathways:non-coding DNA elements,chromatin structure and perinuclear localization.

Objective To explore the association between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with HLA-DRB1 in China. Method The reported articles about HLA-DRB1 RA in China were searched and Meta-analysis was performed. Result Fourteen studies enroll 1118 RA patients and 1301 controls, the associated gene was HLA-DR4 (OR=4.05, P