Objective;To evaluate the endourethral surgery for urethrostenosis and urethratresia. Methods:68 patients with urethrosteno-sis or urethratresia were treated by endourethral surgery, such as internal urethrotomy, transurethral scar resection. Results: Of the 68 cases, the outcome was satisfactiory in 61 (89. 71% ). Endourethral surgery was carried out once for 55 patients and twice for 6,7 patients required open surgery. All patients had followed by urethral dilatation. 59 patients were followed - up for 3 months to 5 years. 54 cases can micture normally. Conclusions; Endourethral surgery is simple,safe,efficient treatment for urethrostenosis and urethratresia.

Object To develop a method for the quantitative determination of salvianolic acid A in rat plasma. Methods HPLC method and Hypersil ODS column (4 6 mm?200 mm, 10 ?m) were used, the mobile phase was acetontrile water (1∶2 65, adjusted pH to 2 5 with formic acid), at a flow rate of 0 9 mL/min, the UV detection wavelength was 285 nm. Cinnamic acid was used as internal standard. Results The recovery of the method was in the range of 98 9%～106 9%, the recovery of the extraction was over 83%. The within day precision and the day to day precision were both lower than 8 4%. Conclusion The method is appropriate for the determination of salvianolic acid A when pharmacokinetics of salvianolic acid A is studied in rat plasma.

[Objective] To introduce the experience of Professor ZHANG Biao in the treatment of infantile dyspepsia. [Methods] Through the long-term study with Professor ZHANG, large amounts of medical records are collected and generalized, so that the experiences concerning infantile dyspepsia are summarized, when and how to choose activation, tonification or digestion depends on excess and deficiency,and proven cases are presented. [Results] It is thought that infantile dyspepsia mostly belongs to excess syndrome, or excess syndrome combined with deficiency syndrome, so the treatment is heiping digestion, tonifying spleen and harmonizing stomach. Professor ZHANG thinks that the cause of children's dyspepsia is the weakness in spleen and stomach eventually. It is characterized by excess in syndromes and deficiency in root causes. Its clinical manifestations are concurrence of excess and deficiency. As for the treatment, there's no need to wait for the pathogenic qi to disappear. The basic principle of treatment is always to activate the spleen, regulate qi and help digestion. Professor ZHANG raises that syndromes with more deficicency than excess are treated by activating spleen, which is complemented by tonification. That is to say, activation and tonification are combined, while helping digestion is considered, also. But as to syndromes with more excess than deficiency, the treatment will be activating spleen combined with helping digestion, also with regulating qi. He also cares for children 's regulating and giving reasonable advice. [Conclusion]According to the children's characteristics of physiology and pathology, we should pay more attention to excess and deficiency to choose better method, at the same time, proper feeding and teaching are also important.

To prove the clinical teaching of gynecology of medical foreign students,this paper concludes and analyses the problems of gynecological probation teaching of foreign student through the clinical teaching work,including difficulties in language communication,no unified textbook,particularity of gynecology,and cultural differences.

Objective To explore the association between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with HLA-DRB1 in China. Method The reported articles about HLA-DRB1 RA in China were searched and Meta-analysis was performed. Result Fourteen studies enroll 1118 RA patients and 1301 controls, the associated gene was HLA-DR4 (OR=4.05, P

AIM: To study the FT-IR fingerprinting characteristic of Huangjinju Powder Injection(HJJ)(Flos Trollii chinensis,Flos chrysanthemi indici,Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) and its effective constituents.METHODS: We adopt FT-IR and the second order derivative FT-IR,analysis by the related ratio,and then describe its mass characteristic by its crude drugs and the effective constituents. RESULTS: HJJ has fifteen peaks that are in turn,3735,2931,1664,1614,1450,1408,1360,1291,1191,1067,915,768,687,597 and 417 cm~(-1).Its special peak in the second order derivative is 1416 cm~(-1).The characteristics of the constituents of its crude drug that Flos Trollii Chinensis has 2926 and 1609 cm~(-1),Flos Chrysanthemi Indici has 1660 and 1609 cm~(-1) and Flos Lonicerae Japonicae has 767.The effective constituents that Baicalin owns 1664,1614,1450,1408,1067,915,768,687,597 and 417 cm~(-1),Orientin owns 2931,1614,1291 and 1191 cm~(-1),Vitexin owns 1614,1360,1067 and 597,Linarin owns 1450,1067 and 597 cm~(-1),Chlorogenic acid owns 1614,1291 and 1191 cm~(-1),Caffeic acid owns 1450 and 1360,and Hyperin owns 1360 and 1291. CONCLUSION: The effective constituents of FT-IR can be used in evaluating the mass of Huangjinju Powder Injection and reflect the key characteristic of its essence.It owns the obvious characteristics and specificity.

It remains an urgent need to develop effective malaria vaccine for global control of malaria.Application of high technologies such as biotechnology has facilitated the process of vaccine development for malaria.In the past 30 years,a large number of vaccine candidate antigens for malaria have been identified and some of them are currently in clinical trials.Major progress in malaria vaccine development has also been made in China.The PfCP-2.9 blood stage vaccine for malaria has entered clinical studies and some other vaccine candidates including combination malaria vaccine are currently in pre-clinical studies.The availability of various national research programs and international funding has stimulated laboratory and pre-clinical studies of malaria vaccine candidates.It remains a long-term goal to develop a safe and effective malaria vaccine to control and even eliminate the disease in the world,and many issues including malaria immunology and various types of technologies need to be addressed.However,efforts need to be continued toward the goal.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a kind of genetic heterogeneous clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder.Although there were improvements in the outcomes of selected younger patients and those with specific cytogenetic and molecular genetic characteristics,the overall survival for older patients remains dismal.In the last few years,next-generation sequencing technologies have identified recurrent mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in the epigenetic regulation of transcription in most patients with AML.This discovery has led to new insights into the role of the epigenome in AML and opens the possibility of epigenetically targeted therapies.This article will review the most important recurrent mutations in epigenetic regulatory genes and highlight the current and future treatment strategies that attempt to exploit epigenetic targets with the use of hypomethylating agents,which were reported on the 56th American Society of Hematology annual congress in 2014.

Objective To study the prognostic factors of primary ureteral carcinoma,and to analyze the risk factors of the occurrence of subsequent bladder cancer. Methods This series included 160 cases of primary ureteral carcinoma (93 men and 67 women;mean age,63.7 years).Of them,81 cases had the tumors on the left and 79 on the right;the tumors were located at the upper and middle parts of the ureter in 51 cases,and at the lower part in 96.Pathological staging showed T a (9 cases),T 1(58),T 2(46),T 3(41) and T 4(6);the grading showed G 1(4),G 2(119) and G 3(37).All the 160 cases underwent surgery.Among them,renal and full length of ureter resection plus sleeve resection of bladder were performed on 124 cases (77.5%).All the cases were followed up and the results were statistically analyzed. Results The overall 5-year survival rate was 53.0%.The 5-year survival rates of T a,T 1 and T 2 cases (83.3%,71.9%,59.1%,respectively) were significantly higher than those of T 3 and T 4 cases (37.5% and 16.7%,P

Combining with the disharmonious ethical phenomena in employment of medical students at present,this paper analyses its subjective and objective reasons,and puts forward some practical approaches to the cultivation of harmonious employment ethics of medical students.