Since 1990, the microembolic monitoring technology has been widely used in clinical practice and some progress has been made. This article reviews the new advances achieved in recent years, the problems facing and the direction of new development for microembolic monitoring in clinical research.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of intense pulsed light(IPL) and radiofrequency radiation on the appearance,histopathological manifestation,dermal depth and collagen content in BALB/c mouse skin.MethodsThe back of BALB/c mice was irradiated with intense pulsed light(IPL group,n =9),radiofrequency (RF group,N =9),IPL and radiofrequency (IPL+RF group,n =9) respectively,for 4 sessions at 1-week intervals followed by 2 sessions at 2-week intervals.Three mice remaining untreated served as the control group.The appearance of skin on the back of mice was observed at different time points after irradiation.Some mice were sacrificed and skin specimens were obtained from the back at week 4,8 and 12 after the first irradiation.Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to observe the histopathological manifestation and measure the dermal depth of mouse skin,and Masson staining to detect the expression of collagen fiber in mouse skin.ResultsNo local adverse effects were observed in the back skin of mice after irradiation with IPL or radiofrequency.Since the 8th week after the first irradiation,the dermal layer had appeared to be thickened,with an increase in the content of collagen fiber and extraeellular matrix,in the IPL group,RF group and IPL+ RF group compared witb the control group,and the increase was more obvious in the IPL+RF group than in the IPL group and RF group (all P ＜ 0.05 ).Increased collagen fiber was densely arranged in irradiated mice.There was no apparent thickening of skin epidermis after irradiation.ConclusionsBoth IPL and radiofrequency can stimulate an increase in dermal collagen production in mice,and a synergistic effect exists between IPL and radiofrequency in the biostimulation of collagen synthesis.

The organophosphorus insecticides including a large group of insecticides were widely used in the world in the agriculture and household. Over 80% of the pesticides used in China are organophosphorus pesticides. Workers and the general population may be exposed to insecticides mixtures through water,air and the residue of food. After entering into human body,the insecticide mixtures can cause a combined toxicity. In this paper,the effects and toxicity mechanisms of combined exposures on health were expounded.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-protein coding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides. Most lncRNAs have pro-nounced oncogenic effects associated with tumorigenesis and progression, promoting the proliferation, migration, invasion, and me-tastasis of tumor cells. The specific lncRNAs expression in particular types of cancers makes them promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Currently, studies on lncRNAs expression, functions, and mechanisms have attracted considerable attention in cancer re-search. However, these studies mainly focus on epitheliogenic malignant tumors. In this review, we outline the current state of infor-mation on lncRNAs and research progress on its role in haematopoietic and lymphoid tissue tumors.

OBJECTIVE: To prepare lipid microbubbles as well as to evaluate their characteristics and efficacy. METHODS: Octafluoropropane-containing lipid microbubbles were prepared by high speed shearing method. Orthogonal experimental design was used to optimize the prescription. The resultant microbubbles were characterized, in terms of morphology, concentration, size, distribution and the octafluoropropane content. Moreover, the contrast effect of the microbubbles in New Zealand rabbit's kidney and liver was studied. RESULTS: The average concentration of microbubbles was (2.99±0.19)×109 their average size was (2.46±0.05) μm, and 97% of them were smaller than 7 μm. Octafluoropropane content was (387.81±35.28) μg·mL-1. With the help of the lipid microbubbles, satisfactory ultrasound contrast images of rabbit's kidney and liver were got. CONCLUSION: The microbubbles prepared by high speed shearing method have regular morphology, and their size distribution is small and even. It can be used as an excellent ultrasound contrast agent which can enhance significantly the yield of ultrasound examination and thus allow better imaging. Copyright 2012 by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.

Long tracheal lesions are mainly caused by stenosis, infection, trauma, malignant tumors and other factors. Resection of the diseased tissue or stenosis and end-to-end anastomosis is currently the gold standard for long tracheal lesions treatment. However, these treatment programs have proven to have major limitations. In recent years, tissue engineering technology has been regarded as a promising medical alternative treatment method, and the selection of scaffold materials is one of key parts. With the continuous exploration of domestic and foreign researchers, biological materials have been continuously developed and applied to the research of tissue engineering trachea. Tissue engineering degradable scaffold materials can be divided into natural polymer material scaffolds and synthetic polymer scaffolds according to the different sources. The scaffold material can be modified or compounded as needed to improve the biological properties of scaffolds. In addition, with the continuous development of biological printing technology, different scaffold materials can be better combined and used. Biodegradable scaffolds have become a new research direction in the field of tissue engineering trachea due to their polymer properties, and have good application prospects.

Background Pterygium is a common ocular surface disease and its treatment is surgical excision.But recurrence rate of pterygium is high after operation.Recently,some studies showed that the postoperatively topical administration of cyclosporine A (CsA) reduce the recurrence of pterygium,but this conclusion needs basis of evidence-based medicine.Objective This systematic review was to investigate the efficacy and safety of postoperatively topical usage of CsA in preventing the recurrence of primary pterygium.Methods A systematic literature retrieval was conducted and the relative articals were searched from MEDLINE,EMBASE,Cochrane Library,CNKI,Wanfang and VIP databases up to October 2012 according to searching strategy and correlated words.Randomized controlled trial (RCT) and prospective Cohort studies data were extracted by two researchers separately.The outcome parameters,such as the rate of recurrence,Schirmer Ⅰ test (S Ⅰ t) and complications were analyzed.The statistical analysis of the relative risk (RR) or weighted mean difference (WMD) was performed using a RevMan 5.0 software.Fixed-effect model was used for the inhomogeneity multiple studies (P≥0.1,homogeneity test I2 ＜ 50％),and random-effect model was used for the homogeneity study.Results Six prospective studies involving 366 eyes of 309 participants were identified,including 4 RCT and 2 non-RCT.The literature was published in 2008-2012 with the Jadad 5 scores in 1 paper and 2 scores in 3 papers for RCT and 6-7NOS (The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale) scores in 2 papers for Cohort studies.Meta-analysis showed that the recurrence and complication rates were significantly lower in the CsA group than those of the control group (RR =0.39,95 ％ CI:0.24-0.64,P =0.0002 and RR =0.24,95％ CI:0.13-0.44,P ＜ 0.00001) respectively.The postoperatively increased value of S Ⅰ t in the CsA group was significantly higher than that of the control group (WMD =2.47,95％CI:1.59-3.35,P ＜ 0.00001).Subgroups analyses suggested that the results were comparatively reliable.Conclusions Postoperative application of CsA can be effective for preventing recurrences and reducing complications after primary pterygium surgery.

Objective To compare the treatment effects of self-designed anti-rotation reduction internal fixators (ARRIF), atlas fixator (AF) and Dick screw in reduction and fixation of different thoracolumbar spinal fractures. Methods Reduction effect, operation time, bleeding volume during operation and complications were observed and compared after ARRIF, AF and Dick screw were used to treat 90 cases of thoracolumbar spinal fractures. Results Compared with AF and Dick screw, the operation time of ARRIF was shorter with less bleeding volume during operation as well as less complications like broken or pulled-out screw or broken rod. Conclusions All three fixation methods can attain the reduction and fixation of various kinds of thoracolumbar spinal fractures. However, ARRIF is the most valuable transpedicular internal fixator and can more conveniently reduce and fixate the different spinal fractures and AF places the second.

Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is a member of the apolipoprotein A family, which was discovered the earli-est. It has an important role in the regulation of lipid metabolism, which mainly includes cholesterol synthesis and transfer. Therefore, apoA-I is closely related to hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Clinically, serum ApoA-I/ApoB has been used as one of the indexes of hyperlipidemia. This article reviewed the study progress in ApoA-I's gene polymorphism and its relationship with reverse cholesterol transport (RCT).

Objective: To determine if IFN-?2a and HSV-tk/GCV have synergy on the cell killing of the SKOV3 human ovarian tumor cell line. Methods: hytk gene retroviral vector plasmid was transduced into SKOV3 cells. Both the cytotoxicity and the bystander effect were evaluated after the treatment of GCV. IFN-?2a and HSV-tk/GCV were used together to determine if they have synergy on the tumor cell killing effect, then post-treatment cell cycle analysis was carried out.Results: A dose dependent cell killing of SKOV3/hytk was observed after treatment with GCV. Bystander effect was seen in mixed culture of hytk-positive and -negative cells. Furthermore, IFN-?2a had a significant (P