No abstract available.
Genome* ; Humans* ; Pan troglodytes*

An increasing number of primate genomes are being sequenced. A direct comparison of repeat elements in human genes and their corresponding chimpanzee orthologs will not only give information on their evolution, but also shed light on the major evolutionary events that shaped our species. We have developed REPEATOME to enable visualization and subsequent comparisons of human and chimpanzee repeat elements. REPEATOME (http://www.repeatome.org/) provides easy access to a complete repeat element map of the human genome, as well as repeat element-associated information. It provides a convenient and effective way to access the repeat elements within or spanning the functional regions in human and chimpanzee genome sequences. REPEATOME includes information to compare repeat elements and gene structures of human genes and their counterparts in chimpanzee. This database can be accessed using comparative search options such as intersection, union, and difference to find lineage-specific or common repeat elements. REPEATOME allows researchers to perform visualization and comparative analysis of repeat elements in human and chimpanzee.
Genome ; Genome, Human ; Humans* ; Pan troglodytes* ; Primates

The comparative analysis of the human and primate genomes including the chimpanzee can reveal unique types of information impossible to obtain from comparing the human genome with the genomes of other vertebrates. PrimateDB is an open depository server that provides primate genome information for the comparative genome research. The database also provides an easy access to variable information within/between the primate genomes and supports analyzed information, such as annotation and retroelements and phylogeny. The comparative analyses of more primate genomes are also being included as the long-term objective.
Genome* ; Genome, Human ; Humans ; Pan troglodytes ; Phylogeny ; Primates* ; Retroelements ; Vertebrates

OBJECTIVETo understand the genetic polymorphism and population difference of locus DYF155S1 on human Y chromosome.

METHODSUsing minisatellite variant repeat mapping-polymerase chain reaction (MVR-PCR), automated fluorescence detection, DNA sequence analysis, the authors studied the locus DYF155S1 of two chimpanzee and 10 human subjects from each of the following 8 groups: Northern China Hans, Southern China Hans, the Zang (Tibetan) nationality, the Uighur nationality, Japanese, Korean, Black African, White African.

RESULTSIn this study, loci DYF155S1 and DYF155S2 have been detected. There is no difference in all of the samples on the locus DYF155S2; each sample contains one type 4 repeat unit, which is the ancestor gene of locus DYF155S1. On locus DYF155S1, each individual has its specific DNA sequence. The arrangement of the repeat units differs greatly in races: arrangement 3134 in the yellow race, arrangement 134 in the white race, and arrangement null3a1a4a4 in the black race were most common. The average number of the type 4 repeat unit in the white race is much higher than that in the yellow race. The authors also found two new types of repeat unit: type 6 and type 7. Type 6 is the result of the T22A substitution on type 1, which was observed in Japanese (3 samples). Type 7 is resulted from the T22A substitution on type 3, which was observed in the Zang nationality (4 samples), Southern China Hans(1 sample), and Korean (1 sample).

CONCLUSIONLocus DYF155S1 has great genetic polymorphism and obvious population difference. Its significance should receive more attention in forensic science and human genetics research.

Spontaneous isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection (SISMAD) is a rare vascular condition where the superior mesenteric artery is affected by dissection without involving other arteries. Its incidence is estimated at 0.06% to 0.08% globally. Possible causes include trauma, congenital connective tissue disorders, arteriosclerosis, and vasculitis such as polyarteritis nodosa (PAN). SISMAD can manifest with various clinical presentations, from asymptomatic to acute bowel ischemia, warranting consideration when common causes of acute abdomen are ruled out.

This is a case of a 44-year-old female Filipino, who complained of abdominal pain, initially managed as intestinal amoebiasis. Abdominal examination showed a soft, non-tender abdomen with no guarding, making the symptoms disproportionate to physical examination. Due to persistence of symptoms despite full antibiotic course, further work up was done. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the whole abdomen with contrast revealed an isolated dissection of the proximal superior mesenteric artery (SMA) with thrombosis which was confirmed on CT angiography. C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), cytoplasmic antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and perinuclear ANCA were both negative; antinuclear antibody (ANA), C3 and C4 levels were also unremarkable. The diagnosis of PAN was established based on the correlation of clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and imaging results. She was given methylprednisolone pulse therapy and cyclophosphamide with good response. Anticoagulation with heparin was initiated to address the thrombosis. The patient had complete bowel rest, pain management, intravenous hydration, and parenteral nutrition. Resolution of symptoms noted and was eventually discharged improved.

SISMAD and PAN are independently rare conditions. This unique case involved both diseases in a 44-year-old Filipino female. Early diagnosis of the disease requires a high degree of suspicion and pattern recognition. This is crucial for timely treatment and improved prognosis. Furthermore, close surveillance is important to identify potential relapses even after symptom resolution.

The Environmental Health Program of the Pan American Health Organization has established goals to be able to comply with the resolutions of the Board of Directors and the Executive Committee. As an integral part of the Environmental Health Program, the Pan American Center for Human Ecology and Health (ECO) must contribute to the achievement of these goals. Generally speaking, there is a scarcity of toxicology professionals in the Region of the Americas. In order to ameliorate this situation, it is suggested that activities in the areas of training professionals, conducting research, dissemination of information, and publishing of educational materials be undertaken. It is proposed that the "Joint Toxicology Network at the Regional Level" be created. The objectives of such a network would be the promotion and encouragement of activities in the area of toxicology; assistance to countries in identifying their needs; encouragement of information exchange, publication and training in toxicology; and support of the Toxicology Information Centers. In order to achieve the Network objectives, it is suggested that activities be undertaken by the national groups belonging to the network.
Environmental Health ; International Cooperation ; Latin America ; Pan American Health Organization ; organization & administration ; Toxicology ; organization & administration

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the impact of multimorbidity on work through a literature review of longitudinal studies.METHODS: A systematic review was carried out in the databases Lilacs, SciELO, PAHO, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane. There were no restrictions regarding the year of publication or language to maximize the identification of relevant literature. The quality of studies was assessed by the protocol STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE).RESULTS: An initial database search identified 7522 registries, and at the end of the analysis, 7 manuscripts were included in the review. Several studies have demonstrated direct and indirect impacts of multimorbidity on the health of workers. For this, the number of missed days due to health-related issues was evaluated, as well as the reduction in work productivity of the unhealthy worker, vulnerability of the worker with multimorbidity regarding higher indices of dismissal and recruitment difficulties, and incidence of early retirement and/or receipt of benefits due to disabilities.CONCLUSIONS: Multimorbidity has a negative impact on work, with damages to quality of life and work productivity, worsening the absenteeism/presenteeism indices, enhancing the chances of temporary or permanent leaves, and lowering employability and admission of individuals with multimorbidity.
Comorbidity ; Efficiency ; Epidemiology ; Incidence ; Longitudinal Studies ; Pan American Health Organization ; Publications ; Quality of Life ; Registries ; Retirement

More and more new human enteroviruses (HEVs) types were identified with the broad application of the molecular serotyping methods for enteroviruses. Since enterovirus 71 (EV71) was first reported in 1969, numerous epidemic outbreaks associated with new enteroviruses have occurred all around the world, and pose a significant threat to public health . The epidemics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by EV71 infection in China have raised great concern of global scholars. This paper reviewed research progress in recent years of the molecular typing, evolution, epidemiology, and pathogenesis attributable to new enterovirus types.
Animals ; Enterovirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Enterovirus Infections ; veterinary ; virology ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Pan troglodytes ; Phylogeny ; Primate Diseases ; virology

PURPOSE: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG) lymphadenitis is one of the most common complications of BCG vaccination. The involved lymph nodes usually subside spontaneously, but they may become enlarged and form an abscess. Treatment of these infants is controversial. The Pan American Health Organization recommends local isoniazid or rifampicin instillation for patients with suppurative BCG lymphadenitis. METHODS: The study group comprised 37 patients who presented with BCG lymphadenitis over the last three years. BCG lymphadenitis was diagnosed if the affected patient developed an ipsilateral axillary or supraclavicular lymphadenitis, with no other identifiable cause for the lymphadenitis. We used rifampicin instillation therapy for patients with suppurative BCG lymphadenitis. RESULTS: Lymphadenitis regressed spontaneously in three patients. Thirty four patients showed a progression to abscess formation. Among 34 patients with suppurative lymphadenitis, drainage developed spontaneously during the follow-up period in nine patients before therapy. Twenty five patients received needle aspiration and local rifampicin instillation therapy. Reaspiration was performed in seven patients. One of these patients still has large lymph nodes after the second attempt. CONCLUSION: Needle aspiration and local rifampicin instillation therapy into the node is a safe and effective form of treatment for suppurative BCG lymphadenitis.
Abscess ; Bacillus* ; Drainage ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infant ; Isoniazid ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphadenitis* ; Mycobacterium bovis ; Needles ; Pan American Health Organization ; Rifampin* ; Vaccination

Since the advent of whole-genome sequencing, transposable elements (TEs), just thought to be 'junk' DNA, have been noticed because of their numerous copies in various eukaryotic genomes. Many studies about TEs have been conducted to discover their functions in their host genomes. Based on the results of those studies, it has been generally accepted that they have a function to cause genomic and genetic variations. However, their infinite functions are not fully elucidated. Through various mechanisms, including de novo TE insertions, TE insertion-mediated deletions, and recombination events, they manipulate their host genomes. In this review, we focus on Alu, L1, human endogenous retrovirus, and short interspersed element/variable number of tandem repeats/Alu (SVA) elements and discuss how they have affected primate genomes, especially the human and chimpanzee genomes, since their divergence.
Alu Elements ; Coat Protein Complex I ; DNA ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Endogenous Retroviruses ; Genetic Variation ; Genome ; Humans ; Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements ; Pan troglodytes ; Primates ; Recombination, Genetic ; Tromethamine