Purpose: This study investigated the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) and explored associatedfactors among mothers attending postnatal care in Bhutan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to November 2023 at a national referralhospital in Thimphu, the capital city of Bhutan. In total, 314 mothers were recruited. Sociodemographic,psychosocial, obstetric, and infant-related data were collected using questionnaires. TheEdinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, with a threshold of ≥11, was employed to screen for PPD,and logistic regression was used to test the potential factors. Results: The prevalence of PPD was 14.97%. Mothers with a perceived change in body image (adjustedodds ratio [AOR], 4.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.91–10.17; p=.001), perceivedheightened stress after delivery (AOR, 3.74; 95% CI, 1.45–9.67; p=.006), poor relationship with inlaws(AOR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.24–5.30; p=. 011), and negative birth experience (AOR, 2.42; 95% CI,1.17–5.00; p=.016) demonstrated significantly higher odds of developing PPD. However, motherswith a higher monthly family income (Bhutanese ngultrum [Nu.] 20,000 to <50,000; AOR, 0.35;95% CI, 0.13–0.92; p=.033), ≥Nu. 50,000 (AOR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.13–1.07, p=.067) compared toConclusion To mitigate the prevalence and risk of PPD, prioritizing screening strategies and interventionsmay benefit mothers with perceived changes in body image and heightened perceivedstress after delivery, poor relationships with in-laws, and those with negative birth experiences.

Objectives: Global concern is increasing about the health effects of electronic waste (e-waste). This study examines the health impacts of heavy metal (HM) exposure among e-waste workers (EWWs) and community-dwelling adults (CDAs) in Northeastern Thailand and identifies factors associated with adverse health outcomes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted of 164 EWWs and 164 CDAs. A survey was employed to collect data on participant characteristics, symptoms, anxiety, depression, and sleep quality. Urine samples were analyzed for lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) levels using atomic absorption spectrometry. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors impacting health. Results: Across all participants, urinary Pb and Cd levels ranged from 5.30 µg/g to 29.50 µg/g creatinine and from 0.60 µg/g to 4.00 µg/g creatinine, respectively. The most frequently reported health issues pertained to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) at 38.70%, central nervous system (CNS) issues at 36.60%, and skin disorders at 31.10%. Multivariable analysis indicated that the presence of MSDs was significantly associated with exposure to Pb and Cd. Poor sleep quality (PSQ) was significantly linked to CNS problems, while body mass index was significantly related to skin disorders. Factors including primary education level or below, smoking, cleaning the house more than 3 times weekly, and PSQ were significantly linked to depression. Anxiety was significantly associated with PSQ. Conclusions Environmental exposure to Pb and Cd can have adverse health impacts in the form of MSDs. Depression and anxiety are common conditions among CDAs. Public health officials should monitor HM exposure and mental health within the community.

Purpose: This study investigated the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) and explored associatedfactors among mothers attending postnatal care in Bhutan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to November 2023 at a national referralhospital in Thimphu, the capital city of Bhutan. In total, 314 mothers were recruited. Sociodemographic,psychosocial, obstetric, and infant-related data were collected using questionnaires. TheEdinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, with a threshold of ≥11, was employed to screen for PPD,and logistic regression was used to test the potential factors. Results: The prevalence of PPD was 14.97%. Mothers with a perceived change in body image (adjustedodds ratio [AOR], 4.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.91–10.17; p=.001), perceivedheightened stress after delivery (AOR, 3.74; 95% CI, 1.45–9.67; p=.006), poor relationship with inlaws(AOR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.24–5.30; p=. 011), and negative birth experience (AOR, 2.42; 95% CI,1.17–5.00; p=.016) demonstrated significantly higher odds of developing PPD. However, motherswith a higher monthly family income (Bhutanese ngultrum [Nu.] 20,000 to <50,000; AOR, 0.35;95% CI, 0.13–0.92; p=.033), ≥Nu. 50,000 (AOR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.13–1.07, p=.067) compared toConclusion To mitigate the prevalence and risk of PPD, prioritizing screening strategies and interventionsmay benefit mothers with perceived changes in body image and heightened perceivedstress after delivery, poor relationships with in-laws, and those with negative birth experiences.

Purpose: This study investigated the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) and explored associatedfactors among mothers attending postnatal care in Bhutan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to November 2023 at a national referralhospital in Thimphu, the capital city of Bhutan. In total, 314 mothers were recruited. Sociodemographic,psychosocial, obstetric, and infant-related data were collected using questionnaires. TheEdinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, with a threshold of ≥11, was employed to screen for PPD,and logistic regression was used to test the potential factors. Results: The prevalence of PPD was 14.97%. Mothers with a perceived change in body image (adjustedodds ratio [AOR], 4.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.91–10.17; p=.001), perceivedheightened stress after delivery (AOR, 3.74; 95% CI, 1.45–9.67; p=.006), poor relationship with inlaws(AOR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.24–5.30; p=. 011), and negative birth experience (AOR, 2.42; 95% CI,1.17–5.00; p=.016) demonstrated significantly higher odds of developing PPD. However, motherswith a higher monthly family income (Bhutanese ngultrum [Nu.] 20,000 to <50,000; AOR, 0.35;95% CI, 0.13–0.92; p=.033), ≥Nu. 50,000 (AOR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.13–1.07, p=.067) compared toConclusion To mitigate the prevalence and risk of PPD, prioritizing screening strategies and interventionsmay benefit mothers with perceived changes in body image and heightened perceivedstress after delivery, poor relationships with in-laws, and those with negative birth experiences.

Objectives: Global concern is increasing about the health effects of electronic waste (e-waste). This study examines the health impacts of heavy metal (HM) exposure among e-waste workers (EWWs) and community-dwelling adults (CDAs) in Northeastern Thailand and identifies factors associated with adverse health outcomes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted of 164 EWWs and 164 CDAs. A survey was employed to collect data on participant characteristics, symptoms, anxiety, depression, and sleep quality. Urine samples were analyzed for lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) levels using atomic absorption spectrometry. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors impacting health. Results: Across all participants, urinary Pb and Cd levels ranged from 5.30 µg/g to 29.50 µg/g creatinine and from 0.60 µg/g to 4.00 µg/g creatinine, respectively. The most frequently reported health issues pertained to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) at 38.70%, central nervous system (CNS) issues at 36.60%, and skin disorders at 31.10%. Multivariable analysis indicated that the presence of MSDs was significantly associated with exposure to Pb and Cd. Poor sleep quality (PSQ) was significantly linked to CNS problems, while body mass index was significantly related to skin disorders. Factors including primary education level or below, smoking, cleaning the house more than 3 times weekly, and PSQ were significantly linked to depression. Anxiety was significantly associated with PSQ. Conclusions Environmental exposure to Pb and Cd can have adverse health impacts in the form of MSDs. Depression and anxiety are common conditions among CDAs. Public health officials should monitor HM exposure and mental health within the community.

Purpose: This study investigated the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) and explored associatedfactors among mothers attending postnatal care in Bhutan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to November 2023 at a national referralhospital in Thimphu, the capital city of Bhutan. In total, 314 mothers were recruited. Sociodemographic,psychosocial, obstetric, and infant-related data were collected using questionnaires. TheEdinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, with a threshold of ≥11, was employed to screen for PPD,and logistic regression was used to test the potential factors. Results: The prevalence of PPD was 14.97%. Mothers with a perceived change in body image (adjustedodds ratio [AOR], 4.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.91–10.17; p=.001), perceivedheightened stress after delivery (AOR, 3.74; 95% CI, 1.45–9.67; p=.006), poor relationship with inlaws(AOR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.24–5.30; p=. 011), and negative birth experience (AOR, 2.42; 95% CI,1.17–5.00; p=.016) demonstrated significantly higher odds of developing PPD. However, motherswith a higher monthly family income (Bhutanese ngultrum [Nu.] 20,000 to <50,000; AOR, 0.35;95% CI, 0.13–0.92; p=.033), ≥Nu. 50,000 (AOR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.13–1.07, p=.067) compared toConclusion To mitigate the prevalence and risk of PPD, prioritizing screening strategies and interventionsmay benefit mothers with perceived changes in body image and heightened perceivedstress after delivery, poor relationships with in-laws, and those with negative birth experiences.

Objectives: Global concern is increasing about the health effects of electronic waste (e-waste). This study examines the health impacts of heavy metal (HM) exposure among e-waste workers (EWWs) and community-dwelling adults (CDAs) in Northeastern Thailand and identifies factors associated with adverse health outcomes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted of 164 EWWs and 164 CDAs. A survey was employed to collect data on participant characteristics, symptoms, anxiety, depression, and sleep quality. Urine samples were analyzed for lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) levels using atomic absorption spectrometry. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors impacting health. Results: Across all participants, urinary Pb and Cd levels ranged from 5.30 µg/g to 29.50 µg/g creatinine and from 0.60 µg/g to 4.00 µg/g creatinine, respectively. The most frequently reported health issues pertained to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) at 38.70%, central nervous system (CNS) issues at 36.60%, and skin disorders at 31.10%. Multivariable analysis indicated that the presence of MSDs was significantly associated with exposure to Pb and Cd. Poor sleep quality (PSQ) was significantly linked to CNS problems, while body mass index was significantly related to skin disorders. Factors including primary education level or below, smoking, cleaning the house more than 3 times weekly, and PSQ were significantly linked to depression. Anxiety was significantly associated with PSQ. Conclusions Environmental exposure to Pb and Cd can have adverse health impacts in the form of MSDs. Depression and anxiety are common conditions among CDAs. Public health officials should monitor HM exposure and mental health within the community.

Purpose: This study investigated the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) and explored associatedfactors among mothers attending postnatal care in Bhutan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to November 2023 at a national referralhospital in Thimphu, the capital city of Bhutan. In total, 314 mothers were recruited. Sociodemographic,psychosocial, obstetric, and infant-related data were collected using questionnaires. TheEdinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, with a threshold of ≥11, was employed to screen for PPD,and logistic regression was used to test the potential factors. Results: The prevalence of PPD was 14.97%. Mothers with a perceived change in body image (adjustedodds ratio [AOR], 4.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.91–10.17; p=.001), perceivedheightened stress after delivery (AOR, 3.74; 95% CI, 1.45–9.67; p=.006), poor relationship with inlaws(AOR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.24–5.30; p=. 011), and negative birth experience (AOR, 2.42; 95% CI,1.17–5.00; p=.016) demonstrated significantly higher odds of developing PPD. However, motherswith a higher monthly family income (Bhutanese ngultrum [Nu.] 20,000 to <50,000; AOR, 0.35;95% CI, 0.13–0.92; p=.033), ≥Nu. 50,000 (AOR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.13–1.07, p=.067) compared toConclusion To mitigate the prevalence and risk of PPD, prioritizing screening strategies and interventionsmay benefit mothers with perceived changes in body image and heightened perceivedstress after delivery, poor relationships with in-laws, and those with negative birth experiences.