The aim of this study was to determine whether formalin reliably provokes a paw edema and pain behavior. The paw of male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 100 microliter of formalin with 2.5% (F2.5), 5% (F5), and 10% (F10) concentrations. Following the formalin (n=8) or saline (control, n=6) injection, the flinching or licking of the paw was recorded for the phase 1 response (0-5 min after injection) and phase 2 response (20-60 min). The formalin-induced paw edema was assessed by measuring the diameters of the injected paws at 4 hr after injection. As for flinching, phase 1 and 2 of all three groups showed higher frequency than those of the control group (p<0.05). As for licking, phase 1 cumulative time of the F2.5 and F10 groups, and phase 2 cumulative time of the F2.5 and F5 groups showed a longer duration than those in the control group (p<0.05). The diameters of the paw in the F10 group were significantly larger than those in the control group (p<0.05). Flinching behavior was more reliably expressed the biphasic response than licking response at all formalin concentrations. Peak of the licking was reached at 2.5% and that of flinching was reached at 5%, whereas the paw edema peaked at 10% concentration. This suggests that there may be some dissociation of nociception from the edema formation.
Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Edema/*chemically induced ; Extremities ; Formaldehyde/*adverse effects ; Male ; Pain/*chemically induced ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo explore the influence of fiberform on the defecation condition after surgery for benign anorectal lesion.

METHODSA total of 121 cases undergoing surgery for benign anorectal lesion at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from October 2009 to February 2010 were randomly divided into the treatment group (n=61) and the control group (n=60) according to random number table. Patients in the treatment group received fiberform granule for 2 weeks while patients in the control group did not receive any medication to promote defecation. Postoperative defecation symptom scores and patient satisfaction were compared between the two groups.

RESULTSOn postoperative day 7, patients in the treatment group had a lower defecation smoothness score (62.1% decrease), lower fecal character score (74.3% decrease), lower defecation interval score (80.2% decrease), lower defecation pain score (77.5% decrease), the differences were statistically significant. On postoperative day 14, the degree of decrease of the abovementioned score were 58.3%, 88.5%, 82.8% and 83.1%, respectively. Postoperative patient satisfaction rate in the treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05). No patient in the treatment group experienced any adverse events such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and drug dependence.

CONCLUSIONFiberform can effectively prevent defecation disorders such as dry stool, unsmooth defecation, and anorectal pain.

Abdominal Pain ; chemically induced ; Anal Canal ; surgery ; Defecation ; drug effects ; Diarrhea ; chemically induced ; Dietary Fiber ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Treatment Outcome

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is closely related with a wide range of gastrointestinal disease. One-week triple therapy is currently considered as the golden standard for the treatment of H. pylori infection. However, gastrointestinal abnormal responses are major pitfalls in such regimen. The aim of this study was to identify symptoms, frequency and severity of antibiotics-associated gastrointestinal abnormal responses during H. pylori eradication therapy. METHODS: Sixty-seven patients with H. pylori infection between September 2005 and March 2006 were included. After 1 week of H. pylori eradication triple therapy (rabeprazol 10 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg, amoxicillin 1 g bid), we evaluated gastrointestinal abnormal responses (diarrhea, bloating, constipation, abdominal pain, borborygmus, flatulence, stool frequency, belching, and nausea) and severities every week for 4 weeks. RESULTS: The incidence of diarrhea was the highest in week 1, which was 41.28% (n=28) and the lowest in week 4, which was 9.52% (n=6) and decreased from week 1 to week 4 with statistical significance (p<0.0001). The most common gastrointestinal abnormal responses were associated with flatulence in week 1 (n=21, 31.34%), week 2 (n=21, 33.33%) and abdominal distention in week 3 (n=16, 25.40%), week 4 (n=15, 23.81%). Most of gastrointestinal abnormal responses were mild, and the most common symptom with higher than moderate grade was abdominal pain (n=4, 40.00%) in week 1. Alcohol consumption and coexisting medical illness were not associated with diarrhea (p=0.0852, 0.9009 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: H. pylori eradication therapy is commonly associated with antibiotics-associated gastrointestinal abnormal responses, which may result in antibiotics intolerance and H. pylori eradication failure. Even though those symptoms are not so severe, we have to consider the gastrointestinal abnormal responses associated with H. pylori eradication, especially diarrhea.
Abdominal Pain/chemically induced ; Adult ; Alcohol Drinking ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Diarrhea/*chemically induced ; Female ; Flatulence/chemically induced/etiology ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/*chemically induced ; Helicobacter Infections/*drug therapy ; *Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

AIMTo observe the changes of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and nitric oxide (NO) content of hippocampus including their time course and region distribution character in rat during the process of formalin-induced inflammatory pain as well as the pain behavior of rat.

METHODSThe pain threshold (PT) was determined by radiant heat-induced tail flick test. NOS expression in the hippocampus was determined by using NADPH-d histochemical staining. NO production in hippocampus was determined by assaying NO3- and NO2-.

RESULTSSubcutaneous injection of formalin elicited nociceptive behavioural response and led to decrease in PT of rat. The number and staining degree of NADPH-d positive neurons began to increase at 6 h after the formalin injection in CA1, CA2 - 3 and DG of hippocampus as well as NO content, which increased most obviously at 12 h and returned to control level at 48 h.

CONCLUSIONFormalin-induced inflammatory pain could induce the elevation of NOS activity in CA1, CA2 - 3 and DG of hippocampus with a certain time course, which further led to a increase of NO production in hippocampus.

Animals ; Formaldehyde ; adverse effects ; Hippocampus ; metabolism ; Inflammation ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; Male ; Nitric Oxide ; biosynthesis ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; metabolism ; Pain ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; Pain Threshold ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Using the latency of paw withdrawal (PWL) from a noxious thermal stimulus as a measure of hyperalgesia, the effects of i.p. injection of meptazinol and its isomers, 112824 and 112825, on carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia were studied in awaked carrageenan-inflamed rats. Peripheral inflammation was induced by intraplantar (i.pl.) injection of carrageenan (2 mg/100 microl) into one hindpaw in rats. Carrageenan produced marked inflammation (edema and erythema) and thermal hyperalgesia in the injected paws, which peaked at 3 h after injection and showed little change in magnitude for another 3 h. Injection of 0.1 mg/kg meptazinol (i.p.) at 3 h after carrageenan had no effect on the PWLs of either inflamed or non-inflamed hindpaw during the next 100 min (P>0.05, n=8). At the dosage of 1 and 10 mg/kg, meptazinol produced marked anti-nociception and anti-hyperalgesia in non-inflamed and inflamed hindpaw, respectively (P<0.05, n=8-11). The prolonging effect of meptazinol on PWL in inflamed hindpaw was more potent than that in non-inflamed hindpaw. Pre-administration of 1.5 mg/kg naloxone significantly antagonized meptazinol-induced anti-nociception and anti-hyperalgesia. Intraperitoneal injection of an isomer of meptazinol, 112825 (1.5 mg/kg), but not 112824 (1 mg/kg), markedly increased the PWL of the non-inflamed hindpaw. Nevertheless, both the isomers produced similar anti-hyperalgesic effect to that of meptazinol (P<0.05, n=8), which was completely reversed by naloxone (1.5 mg/mg). The results suggest that meptazinol and its isomers have anti-nociceptive and anti-hyperalgesic properties with the former more potent. The effects are mainly mediated by mu opioid receptors. This study provides an important clue for extending clinical utilization of meptazinol and its isomers.
Analgesics, Opioid ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Carrageenan ; Hyperalgesia ; chemically induced ; physiopathology ; Inflammation ; chemically induced ; Isomerism ; Male ; Meptazinol ; pharmacology ; Nociceptors ; drug effects ; Pain ; physiopathology ; Pain Measurement ; methods ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

There has been a growing interest in opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH), which is an increased sensitivity to pain caused by opioid exposure. Multiple underlying pathways may contribute to the development of OIH, and the mechanism may vary with the duration of opioid exposure, dose, type and route of administration. In addition, the distinction between OIH, tolerance and withdrawal should be made in both the basic and clinical science literature so as to help translate findings to the clinical phenomenon and to help determine the best strategies to prevent or treat OIH.
Analgesics, Opioid ; adverse effects ; Drug Tolerance ; Humans ; Hyperalgesia ; chemically induced ; prevention & control ; Pain Measurement

OBJECTIVETo analyze the clinical features and diagnostic points of occupational acute dimethylformamide (DMF) poisoning and to explore the mechanism of occupational acute DMF poisoning.

METHODSA comprehensive analysis was performed on the clinical data of 16 cases of occupational acute DMF poisoning, including symptoms, signs, and laboratory testing results.

RESULTSThe main clinical features of occupational acute DMF poisoning were digestive system impairments, especially abdominalgia. Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis was not found by gastroscopy. There was no significant correlation between the degree of abdominalgia and alanine aminotransferase level (r(s) = 0.109, P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONAbdominalgia is recommended to be one of the reference indices for the diagnosis and degrading of occupational acute DMF poisoning, The mechanism of DMF poisoning remains unclear but it is considered to be related to methyl isocyanate, the intermediate product of DMF metabolism.

Abdominal Pain ; chemically induced ; Alanine Transaminase ; metabolism ; Dimethylformamide ; poisoning ; Humans ; Occupational Exposure ; Solvents ; poisoning

The cyclic nucleotide (cGMP) signalling pathway mediates the smooth-muscle relaxing effects of nitric oxide necessary for normal erectile function. Down-regulation of this pathway is the pathophysiological pivot of many forms of erectile dysfunction (ED) and leads to the development of some chronic diseases, such as hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, selective inhibition of the enzyme that catalyses the degradation of cGMP promotes erectile responses to sexual stimulation. Recently, a new phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitor tadalafil has emerged, which has a prolonged half-life. Here is a review of recent studies on the safety of tadalafil in the treatment of ED.
Back Pain ; chemically induced ; Carbolines ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Erectile Dysfunction ; drug therapy ; Headache ; chemically induced ; Humans ; Male ; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Tadalafil

AIMTo investigate whether formalin inflammatory pain can induce hippocampal neuronal apoptosis of rats or not.

METHODSRats were subcutaneously injected with 0.2 ml 0.5% formalin into the ventral surface of right hind paw to induce periphery inflammatory pain. The flinches of rats were counted to observe their painful reaction. Flow cytometry was used to assay the ratio of apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. The immunohistochemistry was used to observe the expression of p53 protein in hippocampal subregions.

RESULTSCompared with control group, the apoptotic ratio of hippocampal neurons was significantly increased in rats with inflammatory pain, and formalin inflammatory pain induced upregulation of p53 protein expression in all hippocampal subregions. Both the apoptotic ratio and the p53 protein expression peaked on the third day after the formalin injection. The twice injection of formalin into the hind paws of rats resulted in an enhancement of painful reaction and increase in apoptotic ratio of hippocampal neurons compared with the rats of injection formalin once group.

CONCLUSIONFormalin inflammatory pain can induce the hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in rats with a certain time course. Neuronal apoptosis is relevant to the intensity of pain. The up-regulation of p53 protein expression may implicate in the induction of hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in rats with inflammatory pain.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; Formaldehyde ; Hippocampus ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Inflammation ; chemically induced ; physiopathology ; Male ; Neurons ; pathology ; Pain ; chemically induced ; physiopathology ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 ; metabolism

Adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) is an acyclic nucleotide phosphate analogue, currently used for anti-HBV therapy. A few cases of hypophosphatemia related to ADV were reviewed. We report two cases of chronic hepatitis B patients with the chief complaints of chest pain due to hypophosphatemia associated with ADV treatment.
Adenine ; adverse effects ; analogs & derivatives ; Chest Pain ; chemically induced ; Female ; Humans ; Hypophosphatemia ; chemically induced ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Organophosphonates ; adverse effects ; Young Adult