"Pain due to meridian fullness" is one of the pathogenesis of pain proposed by Plain Questions, however there is no attention being paid to it in the later ages. This article arrives at a conclusion that the pathogenesis of "pain due to meridian fullness" is due to luxus yang and heat, blood stasis with qi stagnation and disturbance of qi-movement, similarly, its syndrome differentiation and treatment principle were studied. It is proposed that "pain due to meridian fullness" could be seen in acute soft tissue injury, arthritis of heat type, headache, qigong deviation and other diseases. It has a close relationship with the state of pain facilitation of nervous system. The article also shows that "taking away firewood from under cauldron" is the treatment principle for the pathogenesis of pain, and cites some clinical cases to illustrate, and enrich the theory of treating pain syndrome with acupuncture.
Acupuncture Therapy ; Aged ; Humans ; Male ; Meridians ; Pain ; pathology ; Pain Management

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a common condition involving multiple, organ-specific medical specialties, each with its own approach to diagnosis and treatment. Management requires knowledge of the interplay between pelvic organ function and neuro-functional anatomy, and of the neurologic and psychological aspects of CPP, but no current specialty fully encompasses this approach. Neuropelveology is an emerging discipline focusing on pathologies of the pelvic nervous system on a cross-disciplinary basis. It involves a neurological/neurosurgical approach, combining the knowledge required for a proper neurologic diagnosis, confirmation by transvaginal/transrectal examination of the pelvic nerves, and advanced laparoscopic surgery in selected cases of CPP. The management of CPP requires multidisciplinary contributions, and neuropelveology may offer an educational framework for the interdisciplinary exchange of knowledge between clinical physicians and basic researchers.
Diagnosis ; Laparoscopy ; Nervous System ; Pathology ; Pelvic Pain*

A variety of theories have been reported as causes of shoulder pain in overhead throwing athletes. Recently, an explanation with microinstability of the shoulder and internal impingement has been proposed. The concept of the microinstability is that pathologic laxity of the anterior capsule caused by repeated abduction and external rotation of the shoulder leads to abnormal glenohumeral biomechanics and causes internal impingement of the shoulder. Based on the understanding of the pathology, it is recommended to identify the causes of shoulder pain in the overhead throwing athletes and perform appropriate rehabilitation or surgical treatment.
Athletes ; Humans ; Pathology ; Rehabilitation ; Shoulder Pain ; Shoulder*

Ultrasonography (US) is a useful diagnostic method that can be easily applied to identify the cause of shoulder pain. Its low cost, excellent diagnostic accuracy, and capability for dynamic evaluation are also advantages. To assess all possible causes of shoulder pain, it is better to follow a standardized protocol and to perform a comprehensive evaluation of the shoulder than to conduct a focused examination. Moreover, a proper dynamic study can enhance the diagnostic quality of US, especially when the pathology is not revealed by a static evaluation. The purpose of this article is to review the common indications for dynamic US of the shoulder, and to present the basic techniques and characteristic US findings.
Methods ; Pathology ; Shoulder Pain ; Shoulder* ; Ultrasonography*

Through analysis on sequencing of meridians and their muscle regions, their pertaining organs, run ning courses, linking and indications described in Zubi Shiyimai (Eleven Meridian of Foot and Hand), Yinyang Shiyimai (Eleven Meridian of Yinyang), Lingshu: Jingmai (Miraculous Pivot: Meridian) and Lingshu: Jinjing (Miraculous Pivot: Muscle Meridian), it is found that most of the indications of acupuncture in ancient time are symptoms of the muscle regions. 62.59% points of the national standard acupoints location close to tender points of the muscle regions, which indicates that the origin of early acupoints are tender points along the running courses of the muscle regions. Thus, it is concluded that meridians and their muscle regions have the same origin, which provides new train of thinking for a better comprehension of origin of meridians and collaterals.
Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; China ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Meridians ; Muscles ; pathology ; Pain ; pathology ; Pain Management

Adult ; Chronic Pain ; pathology ; Consciousness ; Female ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; methods ; Pelvic Pain ; pathology

In 1905, Henry Head first suggested that transmission of pain-related protopathic information can be negatively modulated by inputs from afferents sensing innocuous touch and temperature. In 1965, Melzak and Wall proposed a more concrete gate control theory of pain that highlights the interaction between unmyelinated C fibers and myelinated A fibers in pain transmission. Here we review the current understanding of the spinal microcircuits transmitting and gating mechanical pain or itch. We also discuss how disruption of the gate control could cause pain or itch evoked by innocuous mechanical stimuli, a hallmark symptom for many chronic pain or itch patients.
Animals ; Humans ; Nerve Net ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Pain ; pathology ; Pruritus ; pathology ; Spinal Cord ; pathology ; Synaptic Transmission ; physiology

Pain and itch are unpleasant sensations that often accompany infections caused by viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal pathogens. Recent studies show that sensory neurons are able to directly detect pathogens to mediate pain and itch. Nociceptor and pruriceptor neurons respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns, including Toll-like receptor ligands, N-formyl peptides, and bacterial toxins. Other pathogens are able to silence neuronal activity to produce analgesia during infection. Pain and itch could lead to neuronal modulation of the immune system or behavioral avoidance of future pathogen exposure. Conversely, pathogens could modulate neuronal signaling to potentiate their pathogenesis and facilitate their spread to other hosts. Defining how pathogens modulate pain and itch has critical implications for sensory neurobiology and our understanding of host-microbe interactions.
Animals ; Humans ; Infection ; complications ; etiology ; pathology ; Neurons ; pathology ; Pain ; etiology ; pathology ; Pruritus ; etiology ; pathology

Lumbar intervertebral disc herniation clinical symptoms and signs are very complicated, lumbocrural pain is the most characteristic clinical symptoms,and show the site (range or area), intensity, nature, evolution, influence factors and adjoint symptoms and so on has certain characteristics and rules. Among them, the dermatomal pain, kinesthetic dysesthesia, dynamic changing pain and lesions segment vertebral side deep tenderness are the most impotent characteristics and rules of pain, therefore, can be regarded as the main basis of clinical diagnosis of the disease, and also the core content of this article.
Back Pain ; diagnosis ; etiology ; pathology ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; injuries ; pathology

Chronic pain and itch are a pathological operation of the somatosensory system at the levels of primary sensory neurons, spinal cord and brain. Pain and itch are clearly distinct sensations, and recent studies have revealed the separate neuronal pathways that are involved in each sensation. However, the mechanisms by which these sensations turn into a pathological chronic state are poorly understood. A proposed mechanism underlying chronic pain and itch involves abnormal excitability in dorsal horn neurons in the spinal cord. Furthermore, an increasing body of evidence from models of chronic pain and itch has indicated that synaptic hyperexcitability in the spinal dorsal horn might not be a consequence simply of changes in neurons, but rather of multiple alterations in glial cells. Thus, understanding the key roles of glial cells may provide us with exciting insights into the mechanisms of chronicity of pain and itch, and lead to new targets for treating chronic pain and itch.
Animals ; Chronic Pain ; pathology ; Humans ; Neuralgia ; metabolism ; Pruritus ; pathology ; Sensory Receptor Cells ; physiology ; Spinal Cord ; pathology