No abstract available.
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia* ; Statistics as Topic*

No abstract available.
Submandibular Gland* ; Tuberculosis*

Because of their proximity to adjacent vital structures, and deep and narrow operative field in the surrounding compact bony structures, tumors located in the clival or petroclival regions represent a formidable technical challenge to neurosurgeons. Between April 1990 and May 1996, 25 patients(eight males and 17 females with a mean age of 44 years), harboring clival or petroclival tumors underwent surgery in our department involving the posterior transpetrosal transtentorial approach. The median follow-up period was 24 months. A total of 28 operations were performed ; in three cases, these involved two stages, in which different approaches were used. The surgical pathology included 15 meningiomas, seven neurinomas(four acoustic and three trigeminal), and one case each of myxoid chondrosarcoma, chondroid chordoma, and paratrigeminal epidermoid. Tumor size ranged from 2 to 8cm ; 16 were larger than 4cm. According to the extent of petrous resection, three different approaches were used ; retrolabyrinthine in ten cases, translabyrinthine in four, and transcochlear in eleven. The superior petrosal sinus was always sacrificed and the tentorium completely cut. Gross total removal was accomplished in 13 cases, and subtotal removal in 12. The causes of incomplete removal included cavernous sinus invasion in four cases, severe adhesion to the brain stem in two, extremely high consistency and vascularity of the tumor in two, insufficient exposure to the tumor in two, and unexpected residual tumors seen in two cases on postoperative MRI. There was no operative mortality in this series and the most common complication was cranial nerve palsy, which occurred in 15 cases. Other complications included hemiparesis in two cases, CSF leakage in two and an epidural hematoma in one. The authors conclude that the posterior transpetrosal transtentorial approach is advantageous for resecting petroclival tumors because, by avoiding unnecessary brain retraction, it significantly reduces the risk of postoperative complications, and helps provide shorter access and wider exposure of the lesion.
Acoustics ; Brain ; Brain Stem ; Cavernous Sinus ; Chondrosarcoma ; Chordoma ; Cranial Nerve Diseases ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hematoma ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Meningioma ; Mortality ; Neoplasm, Residual ; Paresis ; Pathology, Surgical ; Postoperative Complications

No abstract available.
Humans ; Pituitary Neoplasms*

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to examine factors of poor outcome by analyzing the outcomes of bilateral subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease after 3 years. Methods: We assumed that patients who could not manage independent life in their best stimulationon/medication-on condition after a defi ned period might not have been a good surgical candidate. A poor outcome is defi ned as a failure to maintain functional independence at three years during a stimulation-on/medication-on state. Results: A total of 84 patients underwent bilateral subthalamic deep brain stimulation and all were followed up for 3 years. We excluded one patient who had intracranial hemorrhage. Twenty-one patients of the 83 patients could not keep up independent life even during their best condition for the following reasons: freezing in 15 patients, dementia in 5, depression in 3, musculoskeletal problems in 7, and cancer in one patient. Conclusions: Many patients could not keep up independent life during their best condition as early as three years after deep brain stimulation. Musculoskeletal problems were one major cause of disabilities, as were freezing and dementia. We emphasize that musculoskeletal problems need more attention in the preoperative screening of deep brain stimulation candidates and during the follow up.

The authors evaluated the usefulness of the positron emission tomography(PET) with fluorine-18-fluorodeoxy-glucose(18F-FDG) in diagnosing tumor recurrence and differentiating it from radiation necrosis following external beam irradiation of malignant gliomas. Patients were studied from the time they had first exhibited either clinical or radiological deterioration after an initial period of posttreatment stabilization. Ten studies were performed in ten patients, and 18F-FDG uptake by the lesion was then compared to uptake by adjacent normal gray matter. Four of ten cases demonstrated newly enhanced lesions on magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) and hypermetabolic foci in the PET examinations. All of these patients were diagnosed as tumor recurrence either clinically or histologically, during follow up period of the patients' progress. The remaining six cases had newly enhanced lesions on MRI and hypometabolic foci in the PET studies; five of them were diagnosed as radiation necrosis, but one lesion (0.8cm in diameter) was diagnosed clinically as a tumor recurrence. The overall accuracy of the PET study in differentiating the tumor recurrence from radiation necrosis was 90% and the sensitivity for detection of recurrence 80%. The authors conclude that the PET study with 18F-FDG is useful in differentiating the tumor recurrence from radiation necrosis in patients with malignant glioma and could be used to select the group of patients who may have benefits from antitumor therapy.
Electrons* ; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glioma* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Necrosis* ; Positron-Emission Tomography* ; Recurrence*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical features and treatment results of optic nerve sheath meningioma (ONSM) in Korean patients. METHODS: The present retrospective noncomparative case series was comprised of 10 eyes of 10 patients with a diagnosis of ONSM who were treated between 1997 and 2010 at the Seoul National University Hospital. RESULTS: The mean age at presentation was 47.9 years. Two males and 8 females participated in the study. Decreased vision and proptosis were the most common presenting symptoms. On imaging, the most common pattern was tubular. The most common histopathologic pattern was a meningothelial type. Two patients who were observed maintained good vision during the follow-up period and showed a slow progression of the tumor. Two patients out of 3 who underwent surgical management presented significant visual loss and complications. Three patients in the gamma-knife surgery (GKS) group showed no significant changes in visual acuity after treatment; however, tumor growth was halted. Two patients who underwent 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) presented improvement in their visual acuity or visual field, and tumor growth was halted. CONCLUSIONS: Management should be conservative in most cases because of the slow and indolent growth pattern of ONSM. However, 3D-CRT can be considered as an initial treatment in patients with progressive visual deterioration and having still higher possibility of vision maintenance. GKS can be indicated in patients with progressive visual deterioration and a rare possibility of visual recovery. Surgical indications for ONSM are limited and must be carefully considered for each patient.
Exophthalmos ; Eye ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Meningioma ; Optic Nerve ; Radiotherapy, Conformal ; Retrospective Studies ; Vision, Ocular ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Fields

PURPOSE: This study was designed to aid the diagnosis and to predict the outcorne by understanding the clinical course of nutcracker syndrome in childhood. METHODS: The clinical, laboratory, radiological and cystoscopic data from the medical records of eleven children who were diagnosed as nutcracker syndrome by gross hematuria and pressure gradient criteria (>3mrnHg) were studied retrospectively and analyzed. RESULTS: Sex ratio of the cases was 7:4, and the median age of onset was 12.8 (3-14.3) years. Six cases showed persistent and 5 cases manifested interrnittent, exercise induced hematuria. Left flank pain (64%), abdominal pain (18%), left varicocele (9%) were associated in some of the children, but hematuria was the only symptom in 36Yo. Left renal vein entrapment was documented in 10 cases by ultrasonography. Out of the 5 cases studied by renal Doppler ultrasonography, 4 and 5 cases showed higher (>5) mean left renal vein diameter ratio (Distal/ Aortomesenteric portion) and mean peak velocity ratio respectively. Unilateral bleeding from left ureteral orifice was documented in 7 of the 9 cases at cystoscopy. The mean pressure gradient between proximal left renal vein and inferior vena cava was 4.4+/-1.6 (3-7) mmHg. Hematuria of 25% and 57% of the cases disappeared spontaneously in 3 and 5 years after onset respectively. Proteinuria disappear- ed in 3 of the 5 initial proteinuric cases. CONCLUSION: Nutcracker syndrome must be considered in the differential diagnosis of non-glomerular, especially gross hematuria in childhood, and Doppler ultrasonography can aid diagnosis non-invasively. The renal function remained stable, but 4396 of the cases continued to show hematuria still 5 years after onset.
Abdominal Pain ; Age of Onset ; Child ; Cystoscopy ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Flank Pain ; Hematuria* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Proteinuria ; Renal Veins ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Ratio ; Ultrasonography ; Ultrasonography, Doppler ; Ureter ; Varicocele ; Vena Cava, Inferior

OBJECTIVE: Peritumoral edema(PTE) in meningioma occurs variably and can adversely affect the clinical course. Moreover, the etiology of PTE in meningioma is not well documented. To examine possible correlations with PTE, the authors report an investigation of the clinical parameters and the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs), and their inhibitors(TIMPs) in 20 meningiomas. METHODS: Tumor volume and edema volume estimation was done using Osiris software with magnetic resonance images and the edema index was calculated. The expression of VEGF, MMP, and TIMP were estimated in all 20 meningiomas by Western blotting, zymography, and laser densitometry. RESULTS: Tumor location was closely related with PTE. Meningiomas of the frontal lobe or the frontotemporal base had large PTEs, whereas those of the occipitoparietal lobe, posterior fossa or petroclivus were small. The level of VEGF expression bore no correlation with histologic malignancy and PTE extent. MMP-2 and -9 were detected in 100% of meningiomas and these levels were significantly related with PTE. TIMP-1 and -2 were detected in 19(95%) and 12(60%) of meningiomas respectively and their presence had no significant correlations statistically with PTE. CONCLUSION: Meningiomas with severe PTE expressed high levels of MMP-9 and low levels of MMP-2. The expressions of VEGF, MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMPs in meningioma seems to be strongly related with PTE, which might be important factors of the etiology of PTE.
Blotting, Western ; Densitometry ; Edema* ; Frontal Lobe ; Meningioma* ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 ; Tumor Burden ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

This study was undertaken to investigate the midline having the least difference between the right and left structures among the lines that had been used in the study of the craniomaxillofacial asymmetry. The sample of this study consisted of twenty six Korean girls(average 18.9 years old) having normal facial appearance and occlusion. On the frontal cephalometric films of the sample, we divided the whole craniomaxillifacial area into four portions, i.e., cranial, upper facial, lower facial, and dental portion. So, we have found the midlines having the least difference in the whole craniomaxillofacial area itself, and in the each divided four portions, furtherly in the other portions from aimed portion. The findings were as follow: 1. In the whole craniomaxillofacial area, the connecting line between crista galli and anterior nasal spine and the perpendicular bisecting line between right and left foramen rotundums were suitable for the midline. 2. In the cranial portion, established all six lines were suitable for midlines. In the other portions, the perpendicular bisection line between both condylion, the line passing the contact point between right and left mandibular central insisiors among the perpendicular lines between right and left mandibular central incisial tips were suitable midlines for evaluating the asymmetry of cranial portion. 3. In the upper facial portion, the perpendicular bisecting line between right and left zygions was the most suitable midline. In the other portions, the line between the crista galli and the most superior point of the odontoid process, the perpendicular bisecting line between right and left gonions, the perpendicular bisecting line between right and left condylions, and perpendicular bisecting line between right and left foramens rotundum were suitable midlines for evaluating the asymmetry of the upper facial portion 4. In the dental portion, the perpendicular bisecting lines between right and left buccal cusps of both maxillary first molars and between right and left mandibular first molars were suitable midlines. In the other portions, the perpendicular bisecting line between right and left landmarks crossing the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone and orbit, the perpendicular bisecting line between right and left mental foramens, and the connecting line between crista galli and prosthion were suitable midlines for evaluating the asymmetry of dental portion. 5. In the lower facial portion, the perpendicular bisecting lines between right and left condylions and between right and left gonions were suitable midlines. In the other portions, the line between the crista galli and anterior nasal spine, the perpendicular bisecting line between right and left foramen rotundums, and the perpendicular bisecting lines between right and left buccal cusps of both mandibular first molars and between right and left maxillary first molars were suitable midlines for evaluating the asymmetry of the lower facial portion.
Molar ; Odontoid Process ; Orbit ; Sphenoid Bone ; Spine