BACKGROUND: Among the over- the -counter drugs, non-opioid analgesics are widely used in Korea. Non-opioid analgesics may have potential adverse effects such as side effects, tolerance, and addiction when used inappropriately. Moreover, children have less power to make a rational decisions than adults. Therefore, the role of parents in analgesic use is more and more important in children. This study was designed to investigate the frequency of use of analgesics in children and the behavior of parents administering them. METHODS: From April to May 2000, we collected questionnaires on the use of analgesics for relieving children's pain which were completed by parents from 3 elementary schools in Seoul. Student t-test and linear by linear test were applied to compare the difference between analgesic-administered group and non-administered group. RESULTS: The subjects were 630 parents among 702 respondents. Common reason for the parents to administer analgesics to their children were common cold, headache, abdominal pain etc. Pain severity were high in earache and fever and lower in abdominal pain and headache. Among the total 457 (72.1%) parents were said to have kept analgesics at home. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen were the most common kept analgesics at home. Were more analgesic-keeping house likely to analgesics at home. Younger parents, younger children and mothers. Only 25.4% among those with analgesics at home gave analgesics during the last month. The administration rate was higher in the higher education levels (P<0.05) , and increased linear by linear according to the number of house -keeping analgesics (P<0.05) CONCLUSIONS: Seventy two percent of parents kept analgesics at home. But only a quarter of the parents gave analgesics to their children. The administration rate of analgesics in relieving pain children by their Parents was higher in the highly educated parents group and showed linear increase in proportion to the number of house - keeping analgesics.
Abdominal Pain ; Acetaminophen ; Adult ; Analgesics* ; Child* ; Common Cold ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Earache ; Education ; Fever ; Headache ; Humans ; Ibuprofen ; Korea ; Mothers ; Parents ; Seoul*

No abstract available.
Follow-Up Studies* ; Occupational Diseases*

BACKGROUND: Time to first cigarette after waking is an indicator of nicotine dependence. We aimed to identify the association between time to first cigarette and spirometry-proven obstructive respiratory impairment, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, in current smokers. METHODS: We included 392 subjects who visited the comprehensive medical examination center of Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital between July 2014 and September 2015. Subjects with lung disease or anemia were excluded. Obstructive pulmonary impairment was defined as < 70% of the predicted value of forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity. Subjects were classified into the early (≤30 minutes) and late (>30 minutes) groups based on the time to first cigarette. Logistic regression and linear regression analyses were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Ninety-eight subjects (25%) were classified into the early group. After adjusting for smoking behaviors (cigarettes per day and smoking duration), socioeconomic status (education and income), age, and physical activity, an early time to first cigarette was found to be associated with an increased risk of obstructive pulmonary impairment measured using spirometry (adjusted odds ratio, 2.84; 95% confidence interval, 1.22–6.61). CONCLUSION: Compared to current smokers with a late time to first cigarette, those with an early time to first cigarette had a higher risk of obstructive pulmonary impairment, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Classifying smoking-related behaviors, especially time to first cigarette, may help target clinical screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Anemia ; Forced Expiratory Volume ; Heart ; Linear Models ; Logistic Models ; Lung Diseases ; Mass Screening ; Motor Activity ; Odds Ratio ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive* ; Respiratory Function Tests ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Social Class ; Spirometry* ; Statistics as Topic ; Tobacco Products* ; Tobacco Use Disorder ; Vital Capacity

No abstract available.
Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XY*

No abstract available.
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia* ; Statistics as Topic*

Retroperitoneal tumors are relatively rare, accounting for 0.2% of all cancers; many different histologic types are present, and primitive retroperitoneal germ cell tumors constitute a small miniority of about 3%. Most primary extragonadal germ cell tumors (EGCTs) arise from the mediastinum of retroperitoneum in young males. The authors experienced a case of primary extragonadal mixed germ cell tumor with a 43-year-old woman complaining left lower abdominal pain. With the case report, a brief review was made.
Abdominal Pain ; Adult ; Female ; Germ Cells* ; Humans ; Male ; Mediastinum ; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal*