PURPOSE: We compared the pain reducing effect of orally administered glucose solution with EMLA cream and pacifiers during venipuncture in newborn infants. METHODS: Fifty newborn infants(30 prematures) were enrolled in this study. We performed these four pain-reducing methods to all infants in serial order. Group A(control) did not receive any treatment; to group B, EMLA cream was applied on the skin for 1 hour; group C(or D) received 10 percent(or 30 percent) glucose solution orally; group E used pacifiers. Symptoms and signs associated with pain at venipuncture were measured with the Premature Infants Pain Profile(PIPP) scale. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the PIPP scores between preterm and fullterm infants. The mean PIPP scores of groups were A:12.5+/-2.5, B:10.1+/-2.6, C:9.4+/-2.0, D:6.5+/-2.1 and E:8.7+/-2.3; the mean scores of groups B, C, D and E were significantly lower than that of group A(all, P<0.001 except B(P<0.05)), and the mean score of D was significantly lower than those of B, C and E(P<0.001, P<0.005, P<0.05, respectively). The percentages of patients with PIPP scores above 6, which means pain, were A:100 percent, B:82 percent, C:56 percent, D:40 percent and E:70 percent. The percentages of patients with PIPP scores above 12, which means severe pain, were A:72 percent, B:30 percent, C:22 percent, D:0 percent and E:14 percent; that of group D was clearly lowest. CONCLUSION: These results support the use of oral glucose solution, EMLA, and pacifiers for pain reduction as effective intervention at venipuncture in newborn infants. The most effective method was a 30 percent oral glucose solution.
Glucose* ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn* ; Infant, Premature ; Pacifiers* ; Phlebotomy* ; Skin

PURPOSE: Newborns may undergo many kinds of minor procedures. Since painful events during procedures may cause adverse effects on growth and/or development, nonpharmacological way to relive pain have been extensively studied including oral glucose and pacifiers. This study was undertaken to evaluate the analgesic effects of orally administered glucose and pacifiers in term neonates during minor procedures using validated behavioral pain rating system. METHODS: Randomized prospective studies with 81 term infants were assigned to one of three treatment groups: placebo (2 ml sterile water), glucose (2 ml 30% glucose), and pacifier (2 ml 30% glucose followed by a pacifier) during heelsticks. Intensity of pain was assessed by Douleur Aigue Nouveau-ne scale (DAN scale). RESULTS: Median pain scores (interquartile) during minor procedure and after 30 seconds were 7 (6-10), 4 (3-8) for sterile water; 7 (3-8), 1 (0-5) for 30% glucose; 4 (2-6), 1 (0-1) for 30% glucose and pacifiers, respectively. P values for comparisons of sterile water versus 30% glucose, and 30% glucose versus 30% glucose plus pacifiers were 0.019, 0.035 for during the procedure and 0.006, 0.034 for after 30 seconds, respectively. CONCLUSION: The analgesic effect of oral glucose during minor procedure is clinically apparent in full term neonates. Pacifiers plus glucose have a synergetic analgesic effect in neonates. These simple and safe interventions should be widely used during minor procedures in term neonates.
Glucose* ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn* ; Pacifiers* ; Prospective Studies ; Water

PURPOSE: This study is to assess and compare the analgegic effects of 25% sucrose coating pacifier and pacifier. METHOD: The participants are 75 healthy infants of neonatal age 1-7 days and randomized to receive heel prick before 2 minutes to blood sampling and physiological test in Nursery of A Medical Center from 24, January to 28, February, 2003. The experimental group assigned to one of three treatment groups: no treatment, a pacifier, 25% sucrose coating pacifier. Collected data were analyzed with the SPSS 11.0 program using Chi square-test, one-way ANOVA and Scheffe, repeated mesured ANOVA. RESULTS: The pain score of 25% sucrose coating pacifier is lower than no treatment group and pacifier group. In heart rate, there were statistical significant differences between three groups. In repiratory rate, there were no statistical significant differences between three groups. In SaO2, there were statistical significant difference between three groups. CONCLUSION: The 25% sucrose coating pacifier showed pain relief effect in behavior responses and heart rate and SaO2. Accordingly, the sucrose coating pacifier should be applied nursing intervention for simple pain management as heel prick.
Heart Rate ; Heel ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn* ; Nurseries ; Nursing ; Pacifiers* ; Pain Management ; Sucrose* ; Child Health

We studied the effects of nonnutritive sucking(NNS) on lingual lipase activity and body weight under bottle feeding with 17 premature infants hospitalized . NNS was applied to nine infants and other eight infants comprised the control group. Pacifiers were applied to the experimental group for 5 minutes before and after bottle feeding. The treatment took approximately 20-25 minutes each time including bottle feeding time and was applied 7 times a day at intervals of 3 hours and for consecutive ten days. Lingual lipase activity and body weight were measured on the first, third, seventh and tenth day. Results and Conclusion : 1. Lingual lipase activity was low at 30 minutes after feeding and then began to increase reaching its highest level at 120 and 180 minutes after the feeding in both group. 2. Lingual lipase activity in the experimental group was not higher than that of the control group on the third, seventh and tenth day. 3. Body weight increased in experimental and control groups as days passed, while it was not significantly different between groups. These results lead to conclusion that among premature infants under bottle feeding, NNS is not effective in increasing the lingual lipase for fat digestion and NNS is not also effective for increasing body weight. The application of NNS to premature infants under bottle feeding needs considerable judgement for promoting well-being of nursing goals.
Body Weight* ; Bottle Feeding* ; Digestion ; Humans ; Infant* ; Infant, Low Birth Weight* ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Lipase* ; Nursing ; Pacifiers ; Child Health

This study was done to understand nonpharmacologic pain management for pediateric patients and nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward it. The aim of this study was that which method did the patient's use according to the nurses' age, and how did they effectively use these methods in their field. The subjects of this study were 77 nurses working in the Pediatric unit in the Kyung Medical Center from September 2 to 15, 1999 using questionnaire form. The results of this study were as follows : 1. We divided the subjects into four groups : Younger than one year old, 1-6 years, 6-12 years, 12-18 years group. In the group younger one year old, most of the nurses participating in this study used speaking in soft quiet tones, supportive touch, toys, pacifiers. In the group of 1-6 years, they used speaking in soft quiet tones, toys, distracting attention, story talking, and visual stimulus. In the group of 6-12 years. they used pop-up books, providing information, cold therapy, speaking in soft quiet tones, supportive touch. In the group of 12-19 years, most of them used providing information, controling respiration and supportive touch. 2. The effective nursing intervention used in their field are speaking in soft quiet tones, pacifiers and nesting with blanket in the group of younger than one year old. Un the group of 1-6 years old, speaking in soft quiet tones, toys, and supportive touch were effective method in the control of nonpharmacologic pain management. In the group of 6-12 years old, story talking, supportive touch, and speaking in soft quiet tones were effective method and in the group of 12-18 years old, providing information, cold therapy and supportive touch were effectively used to control nonpharmacologic pain management. 3. To compare the general characteristics and non-pharmacologic pain nursing intervention, in the group of younger than one year, touching stimuli is widely used. In the groups of 1-6, and 6-12 years old, visual and audio method were widely used. In the group of 12-18 years old, sensitive intervention were used as well as education, information and guided imagery. In conclusion, there was no significant difference in nurses' demographic characteristics, child's age and nonpharmacologic pain management. There was significant difference only in the nurses working area, that is nurses working in the surgical department used more audio-visual-tactile pain management methods than medical department.
Child* ; Cryotherapy ; Education ; Humans ; Imagery (Psychotherapy) ; Nursing* ; Pacifiers ; Pain Management ; Play and Playthings ; Respiration ; United Nations ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to compare the efficacy of oral 25% dextrose treatment or/and pacifier for analgesia in healthy newborns during intramuscular injection of a hepatitis B vaccine. METHODS: A prospective, randomized, partially blinded, clinical trial was performed in 132 healthy newborns. They were assigned randomly to 4 treatment groups: control group (2 mL distilled water), dextrose group (2 mL 25% dextrose), pacifier group, dextrose+ pacifier group (pacifier coating with 25% dextrose) during intramuscular injection of hepatitis B vaccine. For all groups, Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), Neonatal Facial Coding System (NFCS), Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) scores were evaluated before the injection, during the injection, and at 2 minutes after the injection. Pain scores were compared among the 4 groups. RESULTS: Maternal and neonatal characteristics were similar among the 4 groups. 25% dextrose treatment led to lower NIPS pain scores during injection (6.4+/-0.9 vs. 5.5+/-1.7, P=0.01) and after injection (1.6+/-2.0 vs. 0.6+/-0.9, P=0.01) and NFCS pain scores after injection (1.5+/-2.3 vs. 0.7+/-0.8, P=0.04) than control group. The number of neonates who feel the pain (indication of scores: NIPS> or =4, NFCS> or =3) decreased (9 (23.1%) vs. 0 (0%), P=0.04 via NIPS, 7 (17.9%) vs. 0 (0%), P=0.02 via NFCS). However, all treatment groups did not decreased PIPP scores, compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: Oral 25% dextrose is effective than distilled water or using pacifier with or without 25% dextrose in reducing pain during intramuscular injection of hepatitis B vaccinations. Further study based on this preliminary study need about nonpharmacologic management of pain in newborns.
Analgesia ; Clinical Coding ; Glucose ; Hepatitis B ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Pacifiers ; Prospective Studies ; Spiperone ; Vaccination ; Water

PURPOSE: An inexperienced mother depends on the recommendation by an experienced person on how to bring up her child. Therefore, we performed a study to evaluate the wrong methods of childcare and to establish effective childcare counselling. METHODS: Two thousand eighty questionnaires filled out by mothers who visited local pediatric clinics and medical centers in Chonbuk, from March 2001 to April 2001, were analyzed according to the distribution of location, age of infant, maternal age and the question of each field. RESULTS: Many mothers have been known to squeeze the breast causing hypertrophy of the neonate. Most infants are placed on their side or supine for sleep. The most common reason for stopping breast feeding was insufficient amount of breast milk. The appropriate age to start whole cow's milk is after the first year of life. The main food used for weaning was commercial baby food. The main oral hydration solution for diarrhea has been boiled water. The main reasons for using a pacifier were to help the mother. The most common reason to use herbs was for the prevention of disease. The use of infant walkers has been widespread among infants and young children. The most common reason was to keep the infant quiet and happy. Most mothers did not use car safety seats for young children. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study revealed that many mothers were misinformed concerning childcare, so pediatricians should make more efforts and perform more studies to establish rational methods of childcare.
Breast ; Breast Feeding ; Child ; Diarrhea ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; Infant ; Infant Equipment ; Infant, Newborn ; Jeollabuk-do ; Maternal Age ; Milk ; Milk, Human ; Mothers ; Pacifiers ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Water ; Weaning

The ability of neonates to perceive and react to pain, has been acknowledged recently. Recent researches have been shown that even short term pain can have lasting negative effects. We know that most of the anatomical pathway and neurotransmitter function necessary for pain perception are fully or nearly fully developed in the neonatal period. Many people are still reluctant to believe that pain felt by neonates may be as severe as that felt by older children or adults yet. The objective of the study is to assess and compare the analgesic effects of orally administered sucrose and pacifiers. And to determine the synergistic analgesic effects of sucrose and pacifiers. The tools for this study is Lawrence's NIPS (neonatal infant pain scale) with behavioural pain responses and index for pain physiological reponses as heart rate, respiratory rate and degree of SaO2. The participants are 96 healthy infants of neonatal age 1-7days and randomised to receive heel prick before 2minutes to blood sampling and physiological test in Nursery of K Medical University Hospital on May-July, 2000. The experimental group assigned to one of three treatment groups : no treatment; a pacifier; placebo(2ml 25% sucrose). Collected data were analyzed with the SAS program using X2-test, ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test as post hoc. The results were as follows. 1) Pain behaviour responses: The pain score of placebo group(2ml 25% sucrose) is lower than no treatment group and pacifier group significantly(P=.000). Placebo group is different from no treatment and pacifier group with Duncan's multiple range test. 2) Pain physiologic responses (1) heart rate: The heart rate of placebo group(2ml 25% sucrose) is different from that of no treatment group and pacifier group significantly(P=.000). The heart rate change of placebo group is less than the other groups. (2) respiratory rate: The respiratory rate of placebo group(2ml 25% sucrose) is different from that of no treatment group and pacifier group insignificantly (P=.2340). But, the respiratory rate of placebo group is lower than the other groups. (3) SaO2: The SaO2 score of placebo group(2ml 25% sucrose) is different from that of no treatment group and pacifier group insignificantly (P=.3265). But, the change of SaO2 score of placebo group is less than the other groups. In conclusion, the sucrose placebo showed pain relief effect in behavior responses and less physiological responses. Accordingly, the sucrose placebo should be applied nursing intervention for simple pain management as heel prick.
Adult ; Child ; Heart Rate ; Heel ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn* ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Nurseries ; Nursing ; Pacifiers ; Pain Management ; Pain Perception ; Respiratory Rate ; Sucrose* ; Child Health

PURPOSE: This study was to investigate the effects of non-nutritive sucking on physiological and behavioral state of pre-term infants during tube feeding. METHOD: This nonequivalent, non-synchronized experimental study included 50 pre-term infants. An attempt was made to match gestational age and birth weight of infants in each group. Infants in the experimental group were given a pacifier 2 minutes before, during, and for 2 minutes after tube feeding. Infants in the control group did not get a pacifier. Both groups were tested at three stages for changes in the physiologic state and behavioral state-2 minutes before, during, and 2 minutes after feeding. Date was analyzed with SPSS WIN 10.0 using an chi-square-test, t-test, and repeated measures ANOVA. RESULT: Heart rates and oxygen saturation levels of the two groups were significantly different(P=.001, P=.000). The behavioral states of the two groups were significantly different during and post feeding(P=.000, P=.000). CONCLUSION: This result suggests non-nutritive sucking by using a pacifier is an effective intervention for pre-term infants during tube feeding.
*Enteral Nutrition ; Female ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Behavior/*physiology/psychology ; Infant Care ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature/*physiology/psychology ; Male ; Oxygen Consumption ; *Pacifiers

PURPOSE: This study compared the pain-relieving effects of human milk, sucrose, and distilled water during examinations for retinopathy of prematurity. METHODS: Forty-five preterm infants were randomly assigned to receive a pacifier dipped in one of three solutions: human milk (n=14), 24% sucrose (n=15), or distilled water (n=16), 2 minutes before an eye examination. Their pain score, pulse rate, and oxygen saturation were measured at three time points: 5 minutes before the examination, 30 seconds after speculum introduction, and 2 minutes after the examination. RESULTS: The infants' mean gestational age and weight at birth were 33.1±2.1 weeks and 1,842±470 g, respectively. There were no between-group differences in pain relief during the eye examination. The pain score significantly increased both during (p<.001) and after the examinations (p=.003). Oxygen saturation decreased during the examinations (p<.001); however, the infants in the 24% sucrose group showed higher oxygen saturation (p=.047) during the examinations than the infants in the other groups. CONCLUSION: Sucking on a pacifier dipped in human milk or 24% sucrose did not reduce the pain associated with eye examinations in preterm infants. Pacifiers dipped in sucrose can be used to maintain better oxygen saturation during these examinations.
Analgesia ; Gestational Age ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Milk, Human ; Oxygen ; Pacifiers ; Parturition ; Retinopathy of Prematurity ; Sucrose ; Surgical Instruments ; Water