Abstract Aluminum is a chronic and cumulative environmental neurotoxin. Human exposure to aluminum is inevitable and impossible to quantify. The level of aluminum load is on the rise, the neurobiological toxicity of which is a cause for great concern. Aluminum intake, absorption, and load levels in the body are often higher in children in stages of rapid growth and development than in ordinary adults. Long term low dose aluminum load levels may cause a variety of chronic subclinical damage and long term irreversible damage to the neurodevelopmental function of children. Therefore, this review primarily elucidates the status of aluminum load in children and its effect on neurodevelopmental functioning. Furthermore, we examine research progress on the related mechanism of impaired neurodevelopmental functioning so as to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment and prevention of health problems caused by aluminum load in children and outline proposals for healthcare in this area.