The neurochemical features of the nitrergic and peptidergic innervation of the porcine esophagus were investigated by means of immunohistochemical methods combined with vagotomy. Neuronal cell bodies in both the submucosal and the myenteric plexus (MP) were detected immunoreactivities for nNOS, VIP, GAL, NPY, PACAP, L-ENK, SP, 5-HT and CB, while CGRP- and SOM-immunoreactive (ir) somata were not encountered. In addition, nNOS- and CB-ir myenteric neurons constituted the separate enteric subpopulations.Double immunostainings with a general neuronal marker (PGP9.5 ) and the specific markers, such as nNOS, VIP and SP revealed (1)nNOS-ir myenteric neurons in the porcine esophagus accounted for a higher percentage (63 % ) of all esophageal intrinsic PGP9.5-ir neurons in comparison of VIP-ir (36%) and SP-ir populations (28%); (2) An increasing rostrocaudal gradient in the number of myenteric neurons per ganglion as well as a significantly higher number of enteric ganglia within both plexuses in the abdominal segment; ( 3 ) The densest nerve fibers within the esophageal musculature were VIP-/GAL-/NPY-ir, some of which also co-expressed nNOS and/or PACAP immunoreactivity. The number of L-ENK- and/or SP-ir fibers was significantly higher in lamina muscularis mucosae ( LMM ) than in tunica muscularis externa (TME). In contrast to reports in other species, CGRP-ir fibers within the porcine esophagus constituted a very limited population and were extrinsic; (4) Vagotomy experiments revealed an obvious decrease of PACAP-and 5-HT-ir nerve fibers within the MP,suggesting that these fibers originate from the vagal nerve, while these nNOS- and/or VIP-/GAL-/NPY-ir fibers innervating both the TME and the LMM did not appear to be significantly affected by the vagotomy procedure, possibly being the intrinsic origin.

Objective To study the genetic variation among Schistosoma japonicum from the mainland of China through the microsatellite investigation. Methods S.japonicum isolates were obtained from seven endemic provinces across the mainland of the People's Republic of China: Zhejiang (Jiashan), Anhui (Guichi), Jiangxi (Yongxiu), Hubei (Wuhan), Hunan (Yueyang), Sichuan (Maoshan,Tianquan), Yunnan (Dali), and also Sorsogon Province, the Philippines. DNAs from 20 individuals from each origin were screened against six recently isolated and characterized S.japonicum microsatellites, M5A, J5N, MF1, RRPS, 2AAA and MPA, which were selected based on their polymorphic information content. Results High levels of polymorphism were found between and within population samples, with Chinese and Philippine strains appearing to follow different lineages, and with distinct branching between the provinces. Moreover, across the mainland of China, genotype clustering appeared to be related to the habitat type and/or intermediate host morphology. Conclusion These results demonstrate the suitability of microsatellites for population genetic studies of S. japonicum and suggest that there may be different strains of S. japonicum in the mainland of China.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the progress of research related to the surgical treatment of recurrent patellar dislocation by peripatellar osteotomy in clinical practice, in order to provide reference for clinical treatment. METHODS: The recent literature on peripatellar osteotomy for recurrent patellar dislocation at home and abroad was reviewed, and the bony structural abnormalities, imaging diagnosis, and treatment status were summarized. RESULTS: Abnormalities in the bony anatomy of the lower limb and poor alignment lead to patellofemoral joint instability through the quadriceps pulling force line and play an important role in the pathogenesis of recurrent patellar dislocation. Identifying the source of the deformity and intervening with peripatellar osteotomy to restore the biomechanical structure of the patellofemoral joint can reduce the risk of soft tissue surgical failure, delay joint degeneration, and achieve the target of treatment. CONCLUSION In the clinical diagnosis and treatment of recurrent patellar dislocation, the factors causing patellofemoral joint instability should be comprehensively evaluated to guide the selection of surgery and personalized treatment.
Humans ; Patellar Dislocation/surgery* ; Joint Dislocations ; Joint Instability/surgery* ; Lower Extremity ; Osteotomy

Absenteeism ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; Personnel, Hospital ; Sentinel Surveillance ; Singapore ; epidemiology

Breast cancer stem cells are a group of undifferentiated cells with self-renewal and multidifferentiation potential. Chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic resistance, hypoxic resistance, high tumorigenicity, high cell invasion, and metastatic abilities are characteristics of these cells, which are responsible for breast cancer recurrence. Therefore, the correct sorting and identification of breast cancer stem cells is a primary step for research in this field. This article briefly describes the recent progress on sorting and identification technologies for breast cancer stem cells. Sorting technologies include the side population technique, technologies that depend on cell surface markers, ALDEFLUOR assays, and in situ detection. Identification technologies include mammosphere cultures, limited dilution in vitro, and in-vivo animal models. This review provides an important reference for breast cancer stem cell research, which will explore new methods for the treatment of patients with breast cancer.
AC133 Antigen ; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Sub-Family G, Member 2 ; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters ; metabolism ; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase ; metabolism ; Animals ; Antigens, CD ; metabolism ; Breast Neoplasms ; pathology ; Female ; Flow Cytometry ; methods ; Glycoproteins ; metabolism ; Humans ; Hyaluronan Receptors ; metabolism ; Integrin alpha6 ; metabolism ; Integrin beta1 ; metabolism ; Integrin beta3 ; metabolism ; Isoenzymes ; metabolism ; Membrane Proteins ; metabolism ; Neoplasm Proteins ; metabolism ; Neoplastic Stem Cells ; metabolism ; pathology ; Peptides ; metabolism ; Retinal Dehydrogenase ; metabolism ; Side-Population Cells ; cytology ; metabolism

In order to promote the development of lung transplantation nursing in China, and to provide patients with comprehensive, safe, scientific and standardized surgical nursing, thoracic surgery experts and nursing experts from medical institutions qualified for lung transplantation were convened for extensive consultation. This consensus was developed in accordance with the principles of evidence-based medicine and based on the published best evidence in Chinese and English. This consensus aims to solve the potential problems in nursing cooperation in lung transplantation surgery to the greatest extent, and provide a scientific and standardized nursing cooperation plan for lung transplantation surgeries.

<p>OBJECTIVETo investigate the distribution of genetic polymorphism of HLA-B locus in Liaoning Han population.p><p>METHODSThe technique of polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) was adopted in genotyping a sample of 8962 unrelated healthy individuals collected from a Chinese Han population in Liaoning area. The allele frequency of HLA-B was calculated and was compared with the results from other population.p><p>RESULTSThirty-four HLA-B alleles were detected. The more common HLA-B allele included B*15(14.42%), B*40(14.33%) and B*13(11.99%). The B*82 and B*83 were absent. Forty-nine HLA-B antigens were detected.p><p>CONCLUSIONThe HLA-B allele polymorphism distribution of Liaoning Han population exhibits its own characteristic and the difference from old south and north Han population in China.p>
Alleles ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; China ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; HLA-B Antigens ; genetics ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; genetics

Introduction: In Malaysia, late stage presentation of breast cancer (stage III or IV) has been a healthcare problem that varies geographically throughout the country. This study aims to understand the factors influencing late stage of breast cancer at presentation among Malaysian women in Segamat Hospital, Johor, which is a district hospital. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted on secondary data of all newly diagnosed breast cancer women from 1st August 2011 to 28th February 2014. Secondary data includes age, ethnicity, marital status, family history, education level, occupation, presenting symptom, duration of symptom, tumour size, tumour pathology, tumour grading, oestrogen, progesterone and HER-2 receptor status were collected and analysed using SPSS version 20.0.0. Result: In total, data from 52 women was analysed and two women were excluded for incompleteness as these women defaulted. Late stage at presentation was 59.6% of all new cases (17.3%, stage III and 42.3%, stage IV). The commonest age group of all women diagnosed with breast cancer was in the 5th decade. Majority of them were Malay, married and housewives with no family history of breast cancer. The statistically significant factors associated with late stage at presentation include Malay ethnicity (p=0.019), presenting symptoms other than breast lump (p=0.047), and duration of breast lump more than 3 months (p=0.009). Discussion/Conclusion: The study demonstrated presentation at late stage of breast cancer is a major health concern among Malaysian women in district hospital. This may be attributed to different sociocultural beliefs, strong belief in complementary and alternative medicine, lack of awareness, and difficult accessibility to healthcare services.
Breast Neoplasms

Hypoxia is a common phenomenon in solid tumors. Resistance of hypoxic tumor cells to radiation is a significant reason of failure in the local control of tumors. The growth and metastasis of solid tumors rely on blood vessels. Antiangiogenic agents mainly target tumor blood vessels, and radiation therapy mainly targets tumor cells. Combination of antiangiogenic treatment and radiation exhibits synergistic effect, which improves the response of tumors to radiation therapy. The mechanisms of interaction between antiangiogenic agents and ionizing radiation are complex and involve interactions between tumor cells and tumor microenvironment, including tumor oxygenation, stroma, and vasculature. The original mechanism of antiangiogenesis is to induce ischemia and hypoxia in tumors, thereby, "starve" the tumors. However, recently, emerging data suggest that antiangiogenic agents could reduce the proportion of hypoxic cells through normalizing tumor vasculature, decreasing oxygen consumption, and other mechanisms. The use of antiangiogenic agents provides a new approach to overcome the hypoxia problem, and ultimately improves the efficacy of radiation therapy. In this review, we discuss tumor hypoxia, tumor angiogenesis and its regulation, mechanisms of antiangiogenic therapy combined with radiation therapy, and how antiangiogenic therapy overcomes tumor hypoxia.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Bevacizumab ; Cell Hypoxia ; drug effects ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Endostatins ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; blood supply ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; radiotherapy ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; drug therapy ; Oxygen Consumption ; drug effects ; radiation effects

Diethylstilbestrol ; therapeutic use ; Disease Progression ; Endocrine Disruptors ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Urologic Diseases ; drug therapy ; pathology