Traditional medicine describes common flu as excessof blood and bile heat combined with microbes which results infectious heat. Deva-5is a decoction used which treats infectious heat. The aim of this study is to analyze components of Deva-5 decoction by traditional methods. Deva- 5 is composed of Gentianadecumbens L., Terminalia Chebula Retz., Polygonium bistorta L., Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour) and Chiazospermum erectum Bernh.It has a cool power and dispels infectious heat andkills microbes. The main component of the decoctionis Gentiana decumbens L. Ithas a sweat taste and clears heat, kills microbes, and cures typhus. Medical practitioners of Mongolia, Tibet, and Tuva use Gentiana decumbens L.as a substitution to deva (sngo-de-ba).It has a bitter taste and a cool power. It also has antimicrobial and heat clearing effects. All components of Deva-5 decoction have a cool power and the decoction is compounded by power.

BackgroundOn the basis of criteria and indicators of national and international pharmacopoeia pharmacopoeia medicament in syrup determined the composition. On formulations of sweet juice syrup medicine Tomuun received 100 ml. Improved composition drazhzhe “Tomuun 5g,” which made us and added substance has antihistaminic action - chlorphenamine maleate. This additional structure of the flu as well as infectious and inflammatory diseases have a symptomatic effect, that is, reduces tearing, nasal swelling of the nasal mucosa. As the research result shows, Tomuun syrup 100 ml contains ascorbic acid 10.2 ml / mg, paracetamol 2.5 mg / ml, chlorphenamine maleate 0.41 mg / ml.GoalsThe aim of this study was to develop a new generic medicine’s technology and standardization producers. Materials and MethodsSeveral methods have been used for technological producers and chemical analysis in this study. “Tomuun 100 ml” syrup medicine prepared for general cooking techniques syrup medicine. Indicators for Standardization syrup medicine “Tomuun 100 ml” developed on the basic documents of national and international pharmacopoeia. The thin-layer chromatography and HPLC methods used for determining the content of paracetamol and ascorbic acid.ResultsWe have researched the indication syrup medicine for production technology and projected the standardization producers on syrup medicine according to national and international pharmacopoeias.ConclusionAs results from this study shows that “Tomuun” syrup medicine is suitable for several above mentioned criteria and used technological and chemical methods such as HPLC and thin layer chromatography are acceptable for generic medicine’s standard documentation for this medicine.

Background: The investigational new medicine “Chlorphenos 100 ml” is being developed to treat allergy, flu, and inflammatory diseases.[1] The main biologically active substance chlorphenamine maleate blocks histamine H1 receptors and reduces tearing and swelling of the nasal mucosa.[7,9] In this study, “Chlorphenos 100 ml” was tested to see if it met standards for a syrup medicine published in national and international pharmacopeia.[1,7]Goals: The aim of this study was todevelop a new generic syrup medicine technology and standardization procedures.Materials and Methods: “Chlorphenos 100 ml” was prepared following general methods used to produce syrup medicines.[4] Based on the standardization protocols of national and international pharmacopeia, the presence of chlorphenamine maleate was determined using thin-layer chromatograpy and the chlorphenamine maleate content was established using spectrophotometer techniques.[2,3, 8] The pH and the density of the syrup medicine were determined using potentiometric and hydrometric methods respectively. [4,5]Results: The Rf value of the sample from the syrup medicineandthestandardchlorphenaminemaleatewas identical. The main active ingredient chlorphenamine maleate concentration was determined to be 0.43 mg/ ml. The pH of the syrup was measured to be 4.17 and the density was 1.174 mg/ml.Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the investigational new drug Chlorphenos 100 ml meet the standards set forth in the national and international pharmacopeia. Theseresult also validate thetechnological protocol used to produce Chlorphenos 100 ml syrup. Therefore this medicine is determined to be suitable for factory production.Key words: Chlorphenaminemaleat, Chlorphenos syrupReferences1. China pharmacopeia 2005, page 185 chlorphenamine maleate2. Derivative Spectrophotometry for Simultaneous Analysis of Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Phenylephrine HCl, and Phenylpropanolamine HCl in Ternary Mixtures and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. Maryam Kazemipouraand Mehdi Ansarib*3. Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of paracetamol, phenylephrine and chlropheniramine in pharmaceuticals using chemometric approaches. Khoshayand M.R., Abdollahi H., Ghaffari A., Shariatpanahi M., Farzanegan H.4. Erdenetsetseg G, Khandsuren S, “Medicinetechnologicalvolume I”sweet juice syrup, page 3145. Mongolian national pharmacopeia 2011 page 541, 5446. Friedrich Kluge, Etymologisches Wörterbuch derdeutschen Sprache 2002, 24. Auflage.7. Gisela Wurm, Galenische Uebungen, 1989, 12Auflage, S 1588. EuropianPharmacopia, Fifth edition, Volume 1, S 609

Introduction: Major outbreaks of infectious diseases caused by enteroviruses (EV) have been reported in recent years. As of 2017, in Mongolia, hand, foot and mouth disease, or HFMD, accounts for 13.7% of all infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the circulation of EV among healthy children, and clinical characteristics of infection. Materials and Methods : The analysis of EV circulation was conducted on Polio Laboratory data of 1172 specimens, collected in 2013-2018, from 9 districts of UB and 21 provinces of Mongolia. Also specimens of 239 patients, who underwent outpatient and inpatient treatment at the NCCD in 2014-2018, were randomly selected and stool samples were collected. Clinical symptoms of patients were analyzed and virus isolation analysis was performed in order to confirm the diagnosis. Results: Children from 1 month of age to 5 years have participated in the study and the average age was 2 years and 5 months. The enterovirus rate among healthy children was 20.1%. Virus circulation rate was highest in 2013 (37.2%), lowest in 2014 (11.8%). The peak of circulation is observed in May and October, while the minimum rate is in July.
Out of selected patients 52.7% (n=126) were diagnosed with HFMD, rash infection occurred in 28.5% (n=68), acute flaccid paralysis-18.8% (n=45). EV was detected in 56.4% (n=135) of the collected stool samples.
Children from 1 month of age to 5 years have participated in the study and the average age was 2 years and 5 months (95% CI:2.5 ±0.1). 49% (n=578) of participants were female, 50.7% (n=594) were male. The enterovirus rate among healthy children were 20.1% (n=236; 95% CI: 20.1 ± 0.55). Virus circulation rate was highest in 2013 (37.2%), lowest in 2014 (11.8%). The peak of circulation is observed in May and October, while the minimum rate is in July. Although the enterovirus isolation rate was relatively high among children under 3, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05), as well as there was no difference in gender (p>0.05). As for the EV circulation by region, the highest prevalence rate is found in Central region (27.5%), while the lowest is in the Eastern region (12.7%) with no statistical significance by regions (p>0.05). Conclusions Among children, HFMD is a common disease, that caused by EV. Enterovirus infection can often cause fever, flu like symptoms as well as spotted, maculopapular rash. The EV isolation rate of 20.1% indicates that the incidence of enterovirus is characterized by symptoms of influenza-like illness or is asymptomatic.

Traditional medicine describes common flu as excess of blood and bile heat combined with microbes which results infectious heat. Deva-5 is a decoction used which treats infectious heat. The aim of this study is to analyze components of Deva-5 decoction by traditional methods. Deva-5 is composed of Gentiana decumbens L., Terminalia Chebula Retz., Polygonium bistorta L., Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour) and Chiazospermum erectum Bernh. It has a cool power and dispels infectious heat and kills microbes. The main component of the decoction is Gentiana decumbens L. It has a sweat taste and clears heat, kills microbes, and cures typhus. The effects of water extract of Deva-5 on pathogenic bacteria including Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococus aureus, and Escherichia coli were examined. Plates of bacteria treated with Deva-5 at 6 different concentrations (1 -30 %) were incubated at 37°C for 24 h and then the diameter of the circle of bacterial growth was measured. Amoxicillin, nistatin, flukanosol, and ciprofloxacin were used as comparison. Acute and chronic toxicities of Deva-5 were determined in mice. Deva-5 was given orally to mice at doses of 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg for 28 days. In addition, therapeutic dose of Deva-5 was also determined in mice. Deva-5 inhibited growths of Streptococcus pneumonia and Staphylococus aureus at concentrations of 5 %, 10 %, 20 %, and 30 %. Deva-5 more effectively inhibited growth of Streptococcus pneumonia than that of Staphylococus aureus. Growth of Escherichia coli was not inhibited by Deva-5 treatment. The median lethal dose of (LD50) of Deva-5 was 6.89 g/kg. There were no difference between the control and Deva-5-treated groups in movements, hair color, food consumption, and the number of offspring of mice. No histopathological changes were observed in solid organs of animals treated with Deva-5. Therapeutic doses of Deva-5 were found to be 50-150 mg/kg. These results suggest that Deva-5 has antibacterial effects in vitro and it is safe in mice.

Introduction: Vaccination is a cost-effective intervention to prevent major illnesses that contribute to child mortality in the country. Increase in parental knowledge abour vaccination will lead to increase in vaccination rates of children. The main aim of our study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of vaccination. People’s knowledge about immunization and their attitudes toward them are likely influence uptake. Goal: The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of the population towards measles and to clarify their satisfaction and understanding of the measles immunization program. Materials and Methods: We conducted cross-sectional study, involved participants from 3 aimags and 6 districts covered voluntarily. Total participants were 509. We used to online model and with the participant’s self-answer closed questionnaire. Results: 76% of the respondents were female and 24% were male. 64.1% of respondents who have children of 0 to 5 years of age, had little or bad knowledge towards immunization schedules against measles. Overall, the general attitude towards vaccines was positive, but the knowledge about significance of vaccines was weak. Further, district and province family doctors need to pay particular attention to increasing awareness and knowledge on importance of vaccines among families with young children. It is necessary to conduct extensive, long-term research and training among population to evaluate their knowledge and attitude towards measles, its vaccine and prevention, and to identify causes of lack of knowledge. Conclusion Our study shows the importance of good physician–patient communication in improving knowledge attitude and practice of parents towards their children’s vaccination.

Introduction: Researchers have found that people living in polluted areas have a lower ability to resist skin bacteria and increase the number of skin microflora. Decreased immune function increases the risk of sore throat, influenza, respiratory infections, pneumonia and gastrointestinal diseases. One of the main indicators of the human immune system is the normal microflora. Goal: To study the relationship between normal human microflora and specific immunity. Material and Methods: This study was conducted within the framework of the project “Effects of non-specific immune factors on injectable infectious disease immune system”. The survey sampled 10 households from Dornod aimag, 8th khoroo of Chingeltei district, Ulaanbaatar city, and 3rd khoroo of Baganuur district. A total of 176 people aged 6 months to 50 years were involved. A total of 528 swab samples and 31 blood samples were collected from the throat, tonsils, skin and mucous membranes to study the relationship between normal human microflora and specific immunity.
The research methodology was discussed at the meeting of the Academic Council of the Ministry of Social Welfare and the Medical Ethics Review Committee under the Ministry of Health (January 5, 2018, Resolution 646) and the research was approved. Results: The total number of normal microorganisms in the skin and mucous membranes of the study participants changed, and the number of hemolytic strains and fungi increased. 58%-67% of the participants had normal and long-term immunity against diphtheria and tetanus, while 5% -14% were not. This result was as high as in urban and rural areas. Conclusion This result was as high as in urban and rural areas. As the age group increases, the level of the body’s specific immunity decreases, the structure of the normal microflora changes, and the number of fungi and hemolytic bacteria increases. Furthermore, it is necessary to study specific and nonspecific immunity in detail in relation to environmental pollution indicators.

Background: To prevent and combat the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Government of Mongolia has implemented measures such as movement and time restrictions, social distancing and isolation, closure of schools, kindergartens and public places, immunization, and others. It has caused adverse consequences for people, social relations, and the economy, causing health, social, economic, and humanitarian crises. Not only does this situation, medical students, as frontline healthcare workers, are more susceptible to virus infection. Vaccines against COVID-19 have been researched quickly due to the pandemic and are being used under emergency use authorization. In our country the approach of mixing vaccine doses from different manufacturers was used (fractional doses). Therefore, there is no study on the exposure of medical students to the COVID-19 infection and the adverse effects after receiving a dose of a heterologous vaccine. Objective: To study the exposure to the COVID-19 infection and vaccination status of medical students. Methods: The survey was conducted from November 2023 to December 2023 using a cross-sectional study design, and 170 students who study at ASUSU and live in the dormitory were included. Results: A total of 170 students participated in the study. 55.9% (n=95) of them were in the first year, 22.4% (n=38) were in the second year, 10% (n=17) were in the third year, 7.6% (n=13) were in the fourth year, 2.4% (n=4) were from the 5th year and 1.8% (n=3) were from the 6th year students. 88.2% (n=150) of students were female and 11.8% (n=20) were male. In this study, 37.1% of the students were infected by COVID-19 infection previously. Among them, 50% of the students were infected from family members, 16.7% from the school environment, and 15.2% did not know about the source of infection. 76.2% of the respondents were diagnosed with COVID-19 in a medical institution, and forty-one students answered that they were treated at the hospital. 83% of the cases were treated at home and were cured within 14 days. In contrast, 93.8% of the hospitalized students were treated within four months to 1 year. The current study demonstrates neurological, respiratory, sensory, cardiovascular, psychiatric, digestive, and dermatological symptoms were in 37.6%, 24.1%, 27.6%, 17.6%, 11.8%, 11.2%, and 10% of the students who participated in the study, respectively. For a year or more, symptoms of all organ systems were present, but neurological symptoms appeared to be the highest. 55.9% (n=115) of the enrolled students received 3 or 4 doses of the vaccine, 3.5% (n=6) did not receive the vaccine. In total, 35% (n=60) of the enrolled students experienced side effects and 65% (n=106) had no side effects. Conclusion In this study, 37.1% of the students were infected by COVID-19 infection previously. According to the current study, symptoms related to the nervous system was the most prevalent and 55.9% (n=115) of the enrolled students received 3 or 4 doses of the vaccine. In total, 35% (n=60) of the enrolled students experienced side effects.