OBJECTIVE: To determine if assistive ergometer training can improve the functional ability and aerobic capacity of subacute stroke patients and if functional electrical stimulation (FES) of the paretic leg during ergometer cycling has additional effects. METHODS: Sixteen subacute stroke patents were randomly assigned to the FES group (n=8) or the control group (n=8). All patients underwent assistive ergometer training for 30 minutes (five times per week for 4 weeks). The electrical stimulation group received FES of the paretic lower limb muscles during assistive ergometer training. The six-minute walk test (6MWT), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and the Korean version of Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI) were evaluated at the beginning and end of treatment. Peak oxygen consumption (Vo2peak), metabolic equivalent (MET), resting and maximal heart rate, resting and maximal blood pressure, maximal rate pressure product, submaximal rate pressure product, submaximal rate of perceived exertion, exercise duration, respiratory exchange ratio, and estimated anaerobic threshold (AT) were determined with the exercise tolerance test before and after treatment. RESULTS: At 4 weeks after treatment, the FES assistive ergometer training group showed significant improvements in 6MWT (p=0.01), BBS (p=0.01), K-MBI (p=0.01), Vo(2peak) (p=0.02), MET (p=0.02), and estimated AT (p=0.02). The control group showed improvements in only BBS (p=0.01) and K-MBI (p=0.02). However, there was no significant difference in exercise capacity and functional ability between the two groups. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that ergometer training for 4 weeks improved the functional ability of subacute stroke patients. In addition, aerobic capacity was improved after assisted ergometer training with a FES only.
Anaerobic Threshold ; Bicycling ; Blood Pressure ; Electric Stimulation* ; Ergometry ; Exercise Tolerance ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Leg ; Lower Extremity ; Metabolic Equivalent ; Muscles ; Oxygen Consumption ; Stroke*

BACKGROUND: Regular exercise improves glycemic control and exercise capacity. However, 47.5% of Korean patients with type 2 diabetes do not take part in exercise at least once a week. A recommendation to accumulate 10,000 steps throughout the day has many advantages. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of increasing the number of walking steps per day on glycemic control and exercise capacity using a pedometer in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics who did not take part in exercise at least once a week. METHODS: We included twenty nine Korean type 2 diabetic patients aged 46-62 years who presented with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and did not take part in exercise at least once a week. They were encouraged to walk more than 10,000 step/day and the daily steps were recorded using pedometers. A gradual loading exercise test was administered, with an electric stationary upright cycle ergometer, to estimate the rate of oxygen consumption (VO2), exercise time, load and metabolic equivalent (MET) before and after 12 weeks of walk training. Before and after the intervention, metabolic and lipid profiles and aerobic exercise levels were evaluated for all subjects. Subject descriptive comparisons were made with paired t-tests. The Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated as well to analyze the linear relationship among variables. RESULTS: The results showed that the number of steps per day were increased to about 10,000 steps per day (p<0.001). Body mass index (p<0.001), abdominal circumference (p=0.011), aerobic exercise capacity level and glycemic control were significantly improved (p<0.001). However, lipid profiles were not affected during the exercise intervention. There was a positive correlation between increases in steps per day and changes of aerobic capacity such as peak VO2 (r=0.46, p<0.05). Also, increases in steps per day were negatively correlated with changes in HbA1c (r=-0.711, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that both glycemic control and aerobic capacity are improved with increasing the number of steps to over 10,000 steps per day in newly diagnosed Korean type 2 diabetics. Our result suggest that a pedometer may be used as a simple and effective method of encouraging physical activity to type 2 diabetics who did not take part in exercise at least once a week.
Body Mass Index ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Exercise ; Exercise Test ; Humans ; Metabolic Equivalent ; Motor Activity ; Oxygen Consumption ; Walking

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the usefulness of the oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) in the evaluation of cardiorespiratory fitness of the stroke patients. METHOD: 25 stroke patients who could walk independently were included in this syudy. The symptom-limited graded treadmill test was performed to assess cardiovascular fitness. During the test, minute ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and anaerobic threshold (AT) were measured through respiratory gas analysis. A linear relationship was established between the oxygen consumption and the logarithmic transformation of minute ventilation. From this linear relationship, we obtained a slope that represented the OUES. OUES values were obtained from data corresponding to 75% (OUES75), 90% (OUES90) and 100% (OUES100) of the exercise duration. RESULTS: The differences among OUES75, OUES90 and OUES100 groups were not statistically significant and these three groups were highly correlated to each other. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) was positively correlated with OUES75 (r=0.723), OUES90 (r=0.762), OUES100 (r=0.809) and AT (r=0.696), respectively (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: OUES is considered to be the valuable submaximal index to evaluate the cardiorespiratory fitness of stroke patients who can not reach maximal exercise.
Anaerobic Threshold ; Carbon Dioxide ; Exercise Test ; Humans ; Oxygen Consumption ; Oxygen* ; Stroke* ; Ventilation

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on cardiopulmonary function in healthy adults. METHOD: Thirty-six healthy adults without a cardiac problem were enrolled. All patients were randomly assigned to either a control (17 subjects, mean age 29.41) or an electrical stimulation group (19 subjects, mean age 29.26). The electrical stimulation group received NMES on both sides of quadriceps muscle using a Walking Man II(R) in a sitting position for 30 minutes over 2 weeks. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), metabolic equivalent (MET), resting, maximal heart rate (RHR, MHR), resting, maximal blood pressure (RBP, MBP), and maximal rate pressure product (MRPP), exercise tolerance test (ETT) duration were determined using an exercise tolerance test and a 6 minute walk test (6MWT) before and after treatment. RESULTS: The electrical stimulation group showed a significant increase in VO2max (p=0.03), 6MWT (p<0.01), MHR (p<0.04), MsBP (p<0.03), ETT duration (p<0.01) and a significant decrease in RsBP (p<0.02) as compared with the control group after two weeks. NMES induced changes improved only in RsBP (p<0.049) and ETT duration (p<0.01). The effects of NMES training were stronger in females. CONCLUSION: We suggest that NMES is an additional therapeutic option for cardiopulmonary exercise in disabled patients with severe refractory heart failure or acute AMI.
Adult ; Blood Pressure ; Electric Stimulation ; Exercise Tolerance ; Heart Failure ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Metabolic Equivalent ; Oxygen Consumption ; Quadriceps Muscle ; Walking

OBJECTIVE: To quantify changes in cardiopulmonary function using a lower body positive pressure supported (LBPPS) treadmill during the exercise tolerance test (ETT) in healthy subjects before applying the LBPPS treadmill in patients with gait problems. METHODS: We evaluated 30 healthy subjects who were able to walk independently. The ETT was performed using the Modified Bruce Protocol (stages 1–5) at four levels (0%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) of LBPPS. The time interval at each level of the LBPPS treadmill test was 20 minutes to recover to baseline status. We measured systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, peak heart rate (PHR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), metabolic equivalents (METs), and oxygen consumption rate (VO₂) during each LBPPS condition. RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure increased as the LBPPS level was increased (40% to 80%). PHR, RPE, METs, and VO₂ were negatively associated with the LBPPS condition, although they were not always significant different among the LBPPS levels. The equation from a random effect linear regression model was as follows: VO₂ (mL/kg/min)=(2.75×stage)+(–0.14×LBPPS level)+11.9 (r²=0.69). CONCLUSION: Detection of the changes in physiological parameters during a submaximal ETT using the LBPPS system may be helpful for applying the LBPPS treadmill in patients who cannot perform the ETT due to gait problems, even at submaximal intensity.
Blood Pressure ; Exercise Test* ; Exercise Tolerance ; Gait ; Healthy Volunteers ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Metabolic Equivalent ; Oxygen Consumption ; Rehabilitation

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether heart rate recovery (HRR) following an exercise tolerance test (ETT) is correlated with a changing ratio of peak oxygen consumption (VO₂) and maximal metabolic equivalents (MET(max)). METHODS: A total of 60 acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients who underwent ETT at both assessment points - 3 weeks (T0) after the AMI attack and 3 months after T0 (T1) were included. After achieving a peak workload, the treadmill was stopped with a 5-minute cooldown period, and the patients recovered in a comfortable and relaxed seated position. HRR was defined as the difference between the maximal heart rate (HR(max)) and the HR measured at specific time intervals - immediately after the cool down period (HRR-0) and 3 minutes after the completion of the ETT (HRR-3). RESULTS: HRR-0 and HRR-3 increased over time, whereas VO(2max) and METmax did not show significant changes. There was a positive correlation between HRR at T0 and the exercise capacity at T0. HRR at T0 also showed a positive correlation with the exercise capacity at T1. There was no significant correlation between HRR measured at T0 and the change in the ratio of VO(2max) and MET(max), as calculated by subtracting VO(2max) and MET(max) obtained at T0 from those obtained at T1, divided by VO(2max) at T0 and multiplied by 100. CONCLUSION: Post-exercise HRR measured at 3 weeks after the AMI onset can reflect the exercise capacity 3 months after the first ETT. However, it may be difficult to correlate post-exercise HRR at T0 with the degree of increase in cardiopulmonary exercise capacity in patients with AMI.
Autonomic Nervous System ; Exercise Test ; Exercise Tolerance ; Heart Rate* ; Heart* ; Humans ; Metabolic Equivalent ; Myocardial Infarction ; Oxygen Consumption ; Posture

The dilated cardiomyopathy is the common type of cardiomyopathy, and its distinctive characteristic is the systolic dysfunction. Not many reports were issued about the efficacy of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with an advanced dilated cardiomyopathy until yet. A 50-year-old man who was diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy with congestive heart failure was admitted to the emergency room after a sudden collapse and a ventricular fibrillation was presented in the actual electrocardiogram. After three months, the patient participated in an 8-week cardiac rehabilitation program with electrocardiogram monitoring for 50 minutes per session at five times per week. The maximal oxygen consumption improved from 13.5 to 19.4 mL/kg/min during this time. At 3.9 metabolic equivalents, the myocardial oxygen demand decreased from 21,710 to 12,669 mmHg.bpm and the Borg's scale of perceived exertion decreased from 15 to 9. The left ventricular ejection fraction improved from 14% to 19%. So in this case report will be presented a patient after a successful cardiac rehabilitation program. Before this the patient suffered from a much more advanced dilated cardiomyopathy and was resuscitated from cardiac arrest.
Cardiomyopathies ; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated* ; Electrocardiography ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Heart Arrest ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Metabolic Equivalent ; Middle Aged ; Oxygen ; Oxygen Consumption ; Rehabilitation* ; Stroke Volume ; Ventricular Fibrillation

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate various signaling pathways that underlie vascular inflammation in atherogenesis and cardiovascular diseases. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) has a variety of multiple beneficial effects, including anti-inflammatory effects. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of CR on ROS in patients with cardiovascular diseases. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The serum level of derivatives of reactive oxidative metabolites, an index of oxidative stress, was measured in 100 patients with cardiovascular diseases before, and, subsequently, 3 and 6 months after, CR. A biological antioxidant potential (BAP) test was applied to assess the antioxidant power of the serum. RESULTS: The resting reactive oxidative metabolite levels decreased 3-6 months after CR {pre: 351+/-97 Carratelli unit (CARR U), 3 months: 329+/-77 CARR U, 6 months: 325+/-63 CARR U, all p<0.01} with the increase of the percentage of the predicted values of VO2 peak and the percentage of the predicted values of VO2 at the anaerobic threshold (VO2 AT) and the decrease of the B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). The BAP test and antioxidative/oxidative stress ratio increased 6 months after CR. The % changes of the antioxidative/oxidative stress ratio was positively correlated with the % changes of VO2 AT, and negatively correlated with the % changes of the BNP. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that intensive supervised CR significantly improved exercise capacity, which may be attributable to an adaptive response involving more efficient oxidative metabolites or the increased capacity of endogenous anti-oxidative systems in patients with cardiovascular diseases.
Anaerobic Threshold ; Antioxidants ; Atherosclerosis ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Exercise Therapy ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain ; Oxidative Stress ; Oxygen Consumption ; Reactive Oxygen Species

UNLABELLEDObjective: In order to assess the integrative cardiopulmonary function after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD), we used symptom limited maximum cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET).

METHODSAll 59 patients diagnosed stable CAD by coronary angiography and echocardiography from August to December of 2014 in our hospital, were divided two groups. PCI group, 31 patients received PCI and drugs. Control group, 28 patients received drugs therapy only. All patients performed CPET before and after the treatment.

RESULTSAll patients safely completed CPET without any complications. The control group, all functional parameters were unchanged (P > 0.05). PCI group, the anaerobic threshold, peak oxygen uptake and peak oxygen pulse increased significantly (P < 0.05) from baseline,but not for others (P > 0.05). For individual analysis, PCI group had higher rates of increase (≥ 10% of baseline) in both peak oxygen uptake and peak oxygen pulse than those of control group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONCPET is an objective, quantitative, safe and effective method to evaluate the clinical therapeutic efficiency. PCI can improve the integrative cardiopulmonary function in CAD patients.

Anaerobic Threshold ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Artery Disease ; surgery ; Exercise Test ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Oxygen ; Oxygen Consumption ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

PURPOSE: There is a lack of data on the energy cost of children's everyday activities, adult values are often used as surrogates. In addition, the influence of body weight on the energy cost of activity when expressed as metabolic equivalents (METs) has not been vigorously explored. METHODS: In this study 20 elementary school students 9~12 years of age completed 18 various physical activities while energy expenditure was measured continuously using a portable telemetry gas exchange system (K4b2, Cosmed, Rome, Italy). RESULTS: The average age was 10.4 years and the average height and weight was 145.1 cm and 43.6 kg, respectively. Oxygen consumption (VO2), energy expenditure and METs at the time of resting of the subjects were 5.41 mL/kg/min, 1.44 kcal/kg/h, and 1.5 METs, respectively. METs values by 18 physical activities were as follows: Homework and reading books (1.6 METs), playing game with a mobile phone or video while sitting (1.6 METs), watching TV while sitting on a comfortable chair (1.7 METs), playing video game or mobile phone game while standing (1.9 METs), sweeping a room with a broom (2.7 METs) and playing a board game (2.8 METs) belong to light intensity physical activities. By contrary, speedy walking and running were 6.6 and 6.7 METs, respectively, which belong to high intensity physical activities over 6.0 METs. When the effect of body weight on physical activity energy expenditure was determined, R2 values increased with 0.116 (playing a game at sitting), 0.176 (climbing up and down stairs), 0.246 (slow walking), and 0.455 (running), which showed that higher activity intensity increased explanation power of body weight on METs value. CONCLUSION: This study is important for direct evaluation of energy expenditure by physical activities of children, and it could be used directly for revising and complementing the existing activity classification table to fit for children.
Adult ; Body Weight* ; Cellular Phone ; Child* ; Classification ; Complement System Proteins ; Cytisus ; Energy Metabolism* ; Humans ; Metabolic Equivalent ; Motor Activity* ; Oxygen Consumption ; Running ; Telemetry ; Video Games ; Walking