Oxygen consumption of the rabbit cornea was determined by Warburg direct method in exposed and compared with covered. Six, twelve, twenty-four, forty-eight and seventy-two hours after death, respectively, 8 corneas (4 corneas were exposed and other 4 corneas were covered) from each series were used for QO2 measurment and compared with fresh corneas. The results were as follows; 1) Oxygen consumption of fresh corneas were found to be about 0.79 micro IO2/mg (dry wt.)/hr and there was no significant difference between both eyes. 2) Until twelve hours after death, oxygen consumption in covered group was greater than in exposed group. 3) Twenty-four hours after death, exposed group consumed more oxygen than covered group and QO2 volume tended to increase in the course of time, probably by bacterial growth, but statistically not significant. 4) As the results described above, it was presumed that the cornea should be preserved for keratoplasty at least within twelve hours after death of the host and covered group would be better than exposed group.
Cornea* ; Corneal Transplantation ; Oxygen Consumption* ; Oxygen*

Altitude ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Oxygen ; Oxygen Consumption

The purpose of this study is to determine that YMCA step-test is useful method of cardiovascular fitness field-test for large scale study of epidemiology. 57 adults participated in this study. They are recruited considering subject's clinic status and gender proportion. Cardiorespiratory fitness of each participant was determined by grade exercise testing(GXT) with gas analysis and YMCA step-test. There are at least more two days an interval between the tests. Data were analyzed with a statistics program, SPSS version 14.0, by applying Spearman correlation coefficient and independent t-test and Fisher's exact test with a statistical significant level of alpha<.05. The results of this study were as followed. VO2max value exhibited significant correlation with YMCA step test scale(male : r =-.611, p=.001 ; female: r=-.656, p>.001). Our result is that validity of YMCA step-test is acceptable. YMCA step test is vary efficient as dimension of investigator's and subject's effort then the other field-test for assessment of cardiorespiratory. Therefore, Step test is useful for large scale study of epidemiology.
Adult ; Exercise Test ; Humans ; Oxygen ; Oxygen Consumption

OBJECTIVE: To explore accuracy and validity of a VO2max prediction equation of the multistage model using by modified Bruce protocol submaximal exercise test in healthy subjects. METHOD: Thirty three healthy subjects (age: 44.0+/-12.9) were recruited. VO2max was measured during treadmill by direct gas analysis from a maximal incremental test. VO2max was then predicted from multistage model equation with age, measured oxygen consumption and heart rate during a maximal incremental treadmill test. And the predicted VO2max values from equation were compared with the measured VO2max values. RESULTS: The predicted VO2max values and the measured VO2max values were highly correlated (r=0.9, p<0.001). The predicted VO2max values (2,285.3+/-536.0 ml/min) were not significantly different from the measured VO2max values (2,285.5+/-598.5 ml/min). CONCLUSION: In healthy subjects, the multistage model equation offers a fairly accurate VO2max prediction. Therefore the equation can be used in the estimation of VO2max at modified Bruce protocol in an aerobic exercise program.
Exercise ; Exercise Test ; Heart Rate ; Oxygen Consumption

This study was aimed to elucidate the relationship between combinations of treadmill speed-grade and oxygen consumption(Vo2). Twenty athetic and 20 non-athletic male college students aged 19-24yr were employed to exercise on a treadmill using 4 speeds(4.02, 5.47, 6.76 and 8.05km/h) and 5 grades(0, 8, 12, 16 and 20%). A fixed speed was selected for each session with the grade increased every 3 min. The Vo2, heart rate, stride frequency and stride length were measured during the last min of each 3-min stage. Vo2increased linearly with increasing speed and grade showing significant multiple correlations in nonathletes(Vo2=3.64x+0.831y+0.031xy-7.03, R=0.98, P<0.01) and athletes(Vo2=3.48x+0.324y+0.112xy-5.74, R=0.99, P<0.01). Stride frequency and length tended to increase with increasing speed except for the transition from walking to runnig at 8.05Km/h at which the stride frequency ran up much higher with the stride length getting lower than at 6.76Km/h. Heart rate increased linearly with increasing Vo2. The rate of increase was higher during walking than during running. These results indicate that athletes have higher rate of increase in Vo2than nonathletes at near-maximal exercise and may be used as a guideline in predicting maximum oxygen comsumption and in prescribing exercise intensity.
Athletes* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Male ; Oxygen Consumption* ; Oxygen* ; Running ; Walking

Whole body oxygen consumption(VO2) change related to selected arterial perfusion flow rate (Q) during profound hypothermic(20 degrees C) cardiopulmonary bypass were determined in 20 pediatric patients performing corrective surgery for Tetralogy of Fallot(TOF). VO2 fell progressively as Q decreased, from 23+/-17.8ml/min/m(2) at Q of 2.0 L/min/m to 23+/-20.0ml/min/m(2) at 1.5 L/min/m(2), 19+/-12.6ml/min/m at 1.0 L/min/m(2) at 1.0 L/min/m(2), and 17+/-11.5 ml/min/m(2) at 0.5 L/ min/m(2), Mixed venous oxygen partial pressure(PvO2 ) and saturation(SvO2) were decreased as perfusion flow rate decreased, but SvO2 was maintained above 65% even at the flow rate of 0.5 L/min/m(2). Oxygen extraction rate increased as perfusion rate decreased. There were no changes in mean arterial pressure related to change of perfusion flow rate. VO decrease at a certain perfusion flow rate between 1.0 and 0.5 L/min/m(2) but considred that SvO2 was above 65% and mean arterial pressure was maintained it is suggested that tissue oxygenation be adequate even at 0.5 L/min/m(2).
Arterial Pressure ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass* ; Humans ; Oxygen Consumption* ; Oxygen* ; Perfusion*

The energy expended while playing tennis was determined from the players heart rate and from the amount of oxygen they consumed. This study was made using eight healthy but unathletic male college students. Expired air was collected for 2 minute periods during each game by the Douglas bag method. Samples were collected when serving and receiving. The air collected was measured using a wet test gas meter. The amount of air collected was expressed in STPD. Oxygen consumption was determined by measuring the oxygen content of the expired air with a Orzat gas analyzer. The energy expended during the tennis games was calculated indirectly. The caloric coefficient of oxygen was multiplied by the volume of oxygen consumed. The caloric coefficient of oxygen varied from 4.6 to 5.1 kcal/liter of oxygen. In this study the value of 5 kcal/liter of oxygen was used in the calculations. The accuracy of the measurements of energy expended was tested using regression analysis of the measured volume of oxygen. The mean values of heart rate, oxygen consumed and energy expended did not vary when the activity of serving and receiving was compared. The mean value of oxygen consumed during play was 1.4329+/-282 ml/min or 21.6+/-4.0 ml/kg/min. The energy expended was 7.15+/-1.46 kcal/min or 6.45+/-1.23 kcal/kg/min. The values were equivalent to 5.5 mets. When the levels of oxygen consumed were estimated using the formulas, they were found to be higher than the measured levels. The estimated amounts, however, were within 25% of the measured amounts.
Heart Rate* ; Heart* ; Humans ; Male ; Oxygen Consumption ; Oxygen* ; Tennis*

BACKGROUND: Limited exercise capacity is common in the elderly. Kinetics of recovery oxygen consumption plays an important role in determining exercise capacity. This study was performed to evaluate the kinetics of recovery oxygen consumption as well as peak oxygen consumption during exercise and recovery in the elderly. METHODS: Thirty healthy volunteers were included for this study. They were divided into three groups according to their ages(20 to 39; 40 to 59; and over 60). All subjects performed symptomlimited maximal treadmill exercise. RESULTS: Peak oxygen consumption(pVO2, ml/min/kg) was gradually decreased with the age. Half-recovery time of peak oxygen consumption(T1/2VO2) was maintained from third to sixth decades without significant changes, and then rapidly delayed in the elderly. CONCLUSION: Kinetics of recovery oxygen consumption was rapidly and markedly delayed in the elderly and this may result in the exercise intolerance.
Aged* ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Kinetics* ; Oxygen Consumption* ; Oxygen*

BACKGROUND: Although post-anesthetic shivering may be a temporary phenomenon, it leads to detrimental effects such as increased oxygen consumption, hypoxemia, and difficulty in monitoring. Doxapram is a relatively new treatment for post-anesthetic shivering, but there have been few reports about its minimum effective dose. The purpose of this study was to find the minimum dose of doxapram which would show an antishivering effect. METHODS: Sixty patients who had developed post-anesthetic shivering were divided into six groups of ten patients each. The groups were divided into a control group, which received normal saline, and the doxapram groups, which received five different doses of doxapram (0.15, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mg/kg). The antishivering effect (2, 5, 10, 15 minutes after treatment), blood pressure, heart rate and temperature were compared among the groups. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in antishivering effect between the group which received normal saline and the groups which received doxapram; however, there was no significant difference within the groups which received doxapram. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the dose of doxapram required to achieve an antishivering effect is much less than that currently in use.
Anoxia ; Blood Pressure ; Doxapram* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Oxygen Consumption ; Shivering*

OBJECTIVES: This research was intended to verify hepatic effect of simutaneously combined exposure of nickel chloride and cadmium chloride with IPRL(Isolated Perfused Rat Liver) method. METHODS: AST(aspartate aminotransferase), ALT(alanine aminotransferase), LDH(lactate dehydrogenase) and perfusion flow rate were used as the indicator of hepatotoxicity and oxygen consumption rate were used as the indicator of viability. 300(+/-50) g weighted rats were allocated randomly to each group (control group, 50 microM 200 microM separately exposure group of NiC1, and CdC1, simultaneously combined exposure group of NiC1 and CdC1) by 5, totally 35. Buffer which got out of liver was sampled and then biochemical indicator of hepatotoxicity was measured. In order to verify difference among groups, two way repeated ANOVA was used. With comparing mean summation of separate exposure group with mean of simultaneous exposure group, possibility that combined effect could be synergistic effect was verified. RESULTS: AST, ALT, LDH increased in both of separate exposure group and simultaneous exposure group. Perfusion flow rate and oxygen consumption rate decreased but statistically significant difference among groups was not found, In each exposure group, AST, ALT, LDH, oxygen consumption rate of simultaneous exposure group increased more than sum of separate exposure group after any sampling time. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that simultaneous combined effect could be synergistic effect through the biochemical indicator of hepatotoxicity.
Animals ; Cadmium Chloride ; Cadmium* ; Liver ; Nickel* ; Oxygen Consumption ; Perfusion ; Rats*