Transmasculine individuals, considering whether to undergo total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingectomy, have the option to have a concomitant oophorectomy. While studies have evaluated hormone changes following testosterone therapy initiation, most of those patients have not undergone oophorectomy. Data are currently limited to support health outcomes regarding the decision to retain or remove the ovaries. We performed a retrospective chart review of transmasculine patients maintained on high-dose testosterone therapy at a single endocrine clinic in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Twelve transmasculine individuals who underwent bilateral oophorectomy and had presurgical and postsurgical serum data were included. We identified 12 transmasculine subjects as controls, who were on testosterone therapy and did not undergo oophorectomy, but additionally matched to the first group by age, testosterone dosing regimen, and body mass index. There was a statistically significant decrease in the estradiol levels of case subjects postoophorectomy, when compared to presurgical estradiol levels (P = 0.02). There was no significant difference between baseline estradiol levels between control and case subjects; however, the difference in estradiol levels at follow-up measurements was significant (P = 0.03). Total testosterone levels did not differ between control and case subjects at baseline and follow-up (both P > 0.05). Our results demonstrate that oophorectomy further attenuates estradiol levels below what is achieved by high-dose exogenous testosterone alone. Correlated clinical outcomes, such as impacts on bone health, were not available. The clinical implications of oophorectomy versus ovarian retention on endocrinological and overall health outcomes are currently limited.
Female ; Humans ; Testosterone/therapeutic use* ; Retrospective Studies ; Ovariectomy ; Hysterectomy/methods* ; Estradiol

Osteoporosis is defined as a pathologic condition that there occurs no change in the chemical composition of the bone, while bone resorption is abnormally increased, compared with osteogenesis, leading to a decrease in bone amount. Though many varieties of therapy have been tried, no definitely effective method has been found. Ginseng saponin is an importanat component of Korean ginseng and many studies have been performed for investigating its effectiveness. But there has been no report on saponin effects to osteoporosis. The purpose of this studies is to find out the effect of saponin in osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy in rats. For the study, 30 rats underwent sham operation(group I) and 90 rats were ovariectomized. In group ll (30 rats), only ovariectomy was performed. In group III (30 rats), 50mg/kg/day ginseng saponin was administered per oral route and group IV (30 rats) was administrated 150mg/kg/day saponin. All the rats were sacrificed at the 16th week. The sections of the femoral shaft were stained using Villanueva bone stain and the sections of the tibia were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The femoral shaft and metaphyseal region were applied to compression device for measurements of bone consistency. The effect of saponin increased weight of the femur. The cross sectional area and cortical area of the femoral shaft were significantly higher in 50mg saponin group(group III) than osteoporosis group. But there was no significant difference in the size and number of osteoclast and the percentage of trabecular bone between saponin group(group III ,IV)and osteoporosis group. In the biomechanical test, the consistency of cortical bone was significantly increased in 50mg saponin group than osteoporosis group. In conclusion, saponin had an effect on experimental osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy in rats. As though its precise mechanism was unknown, we considered that its action mechanism was due to osteoblastic activity resulting in a correction of bone mass deficit in osteoporotic rats.
Animals ; Bone Resorption ; Female ; Femur ; Methods ; Osteoblasts ; Osteoclasts ; Osteogenesis ; Osteoporosis ; Ovariectomy ; Panax ; Rats ; Saponins ; Tibia

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the combined effect of bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) and anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) with medial meniscectomy (MM) on the development of osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: Twenty female 15-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Five rats in each group underwent bilateral OVX (OVX group), bilateral ACLT with MM (ACLT with MM group), bilateral OVX plus ACLT with MM (OVX plus ACLT with MM group), and sham surgery (SHAM group). All the rats were subjected to treadmill running for 4 weeks. The behavioral evaluation for induction of OA used the number of rears method, and this was conducted at 1, 2, and 4 weeks post-surgery. Bone mineral density (BMD) was calculated with micro-computerized tomography images and the modified Mankin's scoring was used for the histological changes. RESULTS: The number of rears in the OVX plus ACLT with MM group decreased gradually and more rapidly in the ACLT with MM group. Histologically, the OVX plus ACLT with MM group had a significantly higher modified Mankin's score than the OVX group (p=0.008) and the SHAM group (p=0.008). BMDs of the OVX plus ACLT with MM group were significantly lower than the SHAM group (p=0.002), and the ACLT with MM group (p=0.003). CONCLUSION: We found that bilateral OVX plus ACLT with MM induced definite OA change in terms of histology and BMD compared to bilateral OVX and ACLT with MM alone. Therefore, OVX and ACLT with MM was an appropriate degenerative OA rat model.
Animals ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament* ; Bone Density ; Female ; Humans ; Methods ; Models, Animal ; Osteoarthritis* ; Ovariectomy* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Running

Ovarian cysts are the most frequent, prenatally diagnosed intra-abdominal cysts. Fetal ovarian cyst often presents complication such as torsion and seems to be an indication for surgical intervention. In this study, we reviewed pre- and post-natal medical records and ultrasonography of 17 fetuses that were diagnosed with ovarian cysts. In a total of 17 cases, postnatal surgery was performed in 7 infants. Of these cases, four cases of ovarian cyst torsion were confirmed. In the remaining 10 fetuses, one case regressed completely during pregnancy, and the other nine cases including two complex cysts resolve spontaneously after birth. Postnatal symptomatic cysts or cysts with a diameter greater than 5 cm that do not regress or enlarge should be treated, but uncomplicated asymptomatic cysts less than 5 cm in diameter should only be observed and reassessed by serial ultrasonography. If they regress spon-taneously, no surgical intervention is necessary independent of their sonographic findings.
Ultrasonography, Prenatal/*methods ; Remission, Spontaneous ; Pregnancy ; Ovariectomy/methods ; Ovarian Cysts/*diagnosis/surgery ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant ; Humans ; Gestational Age ; Fetal Diseases/*diagnosis/surgery ; Female

Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous ; pathology ; surgery ; Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous ; pathology ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; pathology ; surgery ; Ovariectomy ; methods ; Prognosis

OBJECTIVETo explore the mechanism of electroacupuncture (EA)-induced cumulative analgesic effects on chronic pain in rats with or without ovariectomy (OVX).

METHODSA total of 110 female Wistar rats were randomized into normal control (n=10), chronic constrictive injury (CCI, n=10), CCI+EA (n=30), OVX+CCI (n=30), and OVX+CCI+EA (n=30) groups. Each of the latter 3 groups was further divided into 2 days (2 d), 2 weeks (2 W) and 3 weeks (3 W) subgroups, respectively (n=10 in each subgroup). The CCI pain model was established by ligature of the right sciatic nerve, and the memory impairment model duplicated by OVX. The paw withdrawal latency (PWL, pain threshold) of the bilateral footplates was detected by radiant heat irradiation, and the bilateral difference in PWL (PWLD) was used to evaluate changes in the pain reaction. Morris water maze test was conducted for evaluating the rats' learning-memory ability. EA was applied to bilateral Zusanli (ST36) and Yanglingquan (GB34) for 2 d, 2 W and 3 W, respectively. Pituitary and hypothalamic beta-endorphin (EP) and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) contents were detected by immunoradioassay.

RESULTSCompared with the CCI group, PWLD of the CCI+EA-3 W group decreased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with the OVX+CCI group, PWLD of the OVX+CCI+EA-3 W group was lowered considerably (P<0.05), but the value was markedly higher than its basal value and those of the normal control and CCI+EA groups (P<0.05). In comparison with the sham-OVX group, the escape latency, swimming distance (SD) in the target quadrant and total SD were increased remarkably in the OVX group (P<0.05), while the number of target platform crossings was decreased significantly (P<0.05), suggesting an impairment of the OVX rats' learning-memory ability. In simple CCI rats, both beta-EP and ACTH contents of the pituitary increased markedly (P<0.05), and those of the hypothalamus decreased obviously compared to the normal control group (P<0.05). After EA, pituitary and hypothalamic ACTH levels were significantly lowered at 2 d and hypothalamic ACTH and beta-EP contents increased obviously at 3 W in comparison with the CCI group (P<0.05). In OVX+CCI rats, following EA, pituitary beta-EP contents at 2 d, 2 W and 3 W, and hypothalamic beta-EP and ACTH contents at 2 W and hypothalamic ACTH levels at 3 W increased significantly (P<0.05), but hypothalamic beta-EP level at 3W decreased markedly (P<0.05). The effects of repeated EA in lowering pituitary ACTH and raising hypothalamic beta-EP and ACTH levels disappeared after OVX+CCI.

CONCLUSIONSRepeated EA has a cumulative analgesic effect, which is closely associated with its effects in regulating pituitary and hypothalamic beta-EP and ACTH levels. OVX may weaken the analgesic effect of EA by affecting hypothalamic-pituitary axis activity.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ; metabolism ; Animals ; Chronic Disease ; Electroacupuncture ; methods ; Female ; Hypothalamus ; metabolism ; Memory ; physiology ; Ovariectomy ; Pain Management ; Pituitary Gland ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; beta-Endorphin ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo explore the mechanism of medicated thread moxibustion of Zhuang medicine (MTMZ) in treating perimenopausal period syndrome.

METHODSThirty rabbits were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group, a medicated thread group, a no-medicated thread group and a sham operation group, 6 cases in each group. The model of perimenopausal period syndrome was established by ovariectomizing the ovary. The medicated thread group was treated with MTMZ at "Qizhou" acupoint (Extra), "Xiaguanyuan"(Extra), "Shenshu" (BL 23) and "Pishu" (BL 20), etc., once each day for 4 weeks. The no-medicated thread group was treated with no-medicated thread moxibustion at the same acupoints, and there is no treatment in the other groups. The changes of hormone level in each group before and after the treatment were observed.

RESULTSAfter ovariectomizing the ovary, the serum estradiol (E2) in the model group [(308.33 +/- 12.58) pmol/L], the medicated thread group [(304.96 +/- 13.85) pmol/L] and the no-medicated thread group [(303.43 +/- 10.57) pmol/L] were lower than that in the normal group [(478.09 +/- 12.23) pmol/L] and the sham operation group [(488.05 +/- 11.45) pmol/L] (all P < 0.01). After treatment, the E2 level in medicated thread group [(338.92 +/- 11.23) pmol/L] was higher than before (P < 0.01) and that in the model group [(300.53 +/- 13.68) pmol/L] and the no-medicated thread group [(309.74 +/- 13.59) pmol/L] (both P < 0.01), and the serum follicle stimulating hormone [FSH, (58.90 +/- 5.29) U/L] and luteinizing hormone [LH, (64.65 +/- 5.23) U/L] were lower than those in the model group [(65.41 +/- 5.19) U/L], [(71.85 +/- 5.30) U/L] (both P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONMTMZ can increase the serum E2 and reduce the serum FSH and LH in ovariectomized rabbits, and this may be one of the mechanisms of MTMZ for treatment of perimenopausal period syndrome.

Animals ; Estradiol ; blood ; Female ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone ; blood ; Humans ; Luteinizing Hormone ; blood ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Menopause ; Moxibustion ; methods ; Ovariectomy ; Rabbits ; Random Allocation

OBJECTIVETo summarize the surgical treatment experiece and to investigate the prognosis of the patients with ovarian metastasis from colorectal cancer.

METHODSThe data of 67 patients with synchronous or asynchronous ovarian metastasis from colorectal cancer surgically treated between January 1989 and December 2005 were collected and analyzed retrospectively using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (Release 11.5, SPSS, Inc). Prognostic factors were analyzed using chi2 test. Survival analysis was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Multivariate analysis was carried out by Cox regression.

RESULTSThe overall 1-, 3- and 5-year survival of these 67 patients was 71.0%, 18.7% and 9.2%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that the metastasis was confined in the ovary or pelvis only, unilateral/double ovarian metastasis, and operation mode were all statistically significant prognostic factors (P <0.05). Cox regression analysis showed that the operation mode was the most important prognostic factor (OR = 3.531, P <0.001).

CONCLUSIONSurgical treatment is still the most effective mode in the treatment for the ovary metastasis from colorectal cancer.

Adenocarcinoma ; secondary ; surgery ; Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous ; secondary ; surgery ; Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell ; secondary ; surgery ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; pathology ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hysteroscopy ; methods ; Middle Aged ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; secondary ; surgery ; Ovariectomy ; methods ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of estrogen on the expression of the alpha1 receptor and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in rat urethra and bladder after oophorectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five mature female Sprague-Dawley rats (aged 10-11 weeks, 235-250 g) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: control group, oophorectomy group (Opx), or oophorectomy and estradiol replacement group (Opx+ Est). The degree of expression of alpha1 receptor (alpha1A and D) and NOS (neuronal NOS [nNOS] and endothelial NOS [eNOS]) in bladder and urethral tissues was investigated by using immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. RESULTS: In the bladder, the expression rates of alpha1 receptor (alpha1A and alpha1D) increased in the Opx group but decreased in the Opx+Est group. These changes were not statistically significant. The alpha1A and alpha1D receptor of the urethra decreased in the Opx group but increased in the Opx+Est group. These changes were not statistically significant. In the bladder and urethra, the expression rates of nNOS and eNOS significantly increased in the Opx group but decreased in the Opx+Est group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that estrogen depletion increases NOS and alpha1 receptor expression in the rat bladder. However, these changes could be restored by estrogen replacement therapy.
Animals ; Collagen/metabolism ; Estradiol/analogs & derivatives/blood/pharmacology ; Estrogen Replacement Therapy/*methods ; Female ; Muscle, Smooth/pathology ; Nitric Oxide Synthase/*metabolism ; Ovariectomy ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/*metabolism ; Urethra/drug effects/*metabolism/pathology ; Urinary Bladder/drug effects/*metabolism/pathology

OBJECTIVETo explore the therapeutic effect and mechanism of jiangu granule (JGG) on postmenopausal osteoporosis.

METHODSDifferential display reverse transcription PCR (DDRT-PCR) was used to detect the differentially expressed genes in bone tissues associated with therapeutic effect of JGG.

RESULTSTen differentially expressed gene fragments were found, 9 of them, after cloning, sequencing and BLAST searching, were proved to be matched with highly homologous sequences in Genebank. Among them, two were known proteins: hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (RHAMM) and ATPase, Na+, K+ transporting beta 3 polypeptide (ATP1b3). It was confirmed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR that these two gene fragments could be down- and up-regulated by JGG respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe therapeutic effect of JGG in treating postmenopausal osteoporosis might be related with its regulation on the two kinds of protein, RHAMM and ATP1b3.

Animals ; Bone and Bones ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; drug effects ; Osteoporosis ; drug therapy ; genetics ; metabolism ; Ovariectomy ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley