The authors have recently treated a case of intraepithelial epithelioma(Bowen's disease) of the cornea and conjunctiva. This 66 year old male had a gray whitish elevated smooth mass on the lateral area of the corneal limbus and bulbar conjunctiva. Simple surgical excision was indicated since the lesion is benign but it recurred in 10 months. The recurrent lesion was excised again surgically. The histopathological features of previous specimen showed simple proliferation of one of the normal conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells in the epithelial layer, rather then an alteration in the chracter of the cells as the case in other malignant neoplasm. The second excised specimen showed marked proliferated epitheloid cells, keratosis, and chronic inflammatory cell infiltration but the lesion was limited to the epithelial layer without any evidence of invasion into the stroma.
Aged ; Conjunctiva* ; Cornea* ; Epithelial Cells ; Humans ; Keratosis ; Limbus Corneae ; Male

No abstract available.
Ophthalmology*

There are no serious deterioration of the visual acuity, and no symptoms of asthenopia and eye-strain, the smaller astigmatic errors do not require correction. But if either of those two conditions is present, the error should be corrected by lenses. The correction of the larger astigmatic errors necessarily produces appreciable difficulties. Anyasymmetry between the correction of two eyes leads to an artificial heterophoria on looking any direct ion other than through the optical cerntres or the two lenses. The greatest discomfort will arise from the correction of astigmatism with oblique axis which must introduce differences in the disparities of the images of the two eyes. In some cases declinations and size-differences may be partially compensated by cyclotorsions of the eyes, aniseikonic compensation in fusion and a compensating psychological mechanism; in others the visual sensations are profoundly distressing. A. Retinoscopy in astigmatism. In the hands of a skilled and careful exponent a very high degree of accuracy can be attained, in favourable circumstances of the order of 0.25D in power and 5 degrees in the axis of astigmatism There are two methods; (1) The first method consists of using spheres exclusively. Each principal meridian is retinoscoped using a sphere and the findings are combined into sphero-cylindn form. (2) The second method uses spheres and cylinders. The most myopic (or least hyperopic) meridian is neutralized with a sphere and then plus cylinders are used to correct the other principal meridian. B. Cross cylinder test. The cross cylinder is a simple refinement and is of extreme practical value to check both the power and axis of the correcting cylinder, and to determine the amount of astigmatism. C. Astigmatic figures. In regular astigmatism lines which run in the same direction as the meridian of the greatest refractive error appear sharply defined; lines which run at right angles to this are blurred, and lines running intermediately vary progressively between the two extremes. A line thereore appears sharply outlined when it is accurately refracted in the meridian at right angle to it. This principle is used in a test for astigmatism when the patient observes suitably constructed figures. D. Stenopaic slit. In discovering astigmatism and finding the axis of the cylinder, a stenopaic slit may be useful. When it is rotated with the optimal spherical correction in place it will not affect the vision of a stigmatic eye, but will improve the acuity, particularly in one meridian, if astigmatism is present. Since the purpose of the practice of refraction is to make patients comforable and efficient rather than to strive after theoretical optical perfection, an under-correction of cylinder may be advisable in case with a high degree of astigmatism has never worn glasses previously. In this endeavour, instead of eliminating the interval of Sturm and reducing the two focal lines to a point focus, the focal interval should be reduced so that the circle of least diffusion is reasonably small, and then the position of this circle should be moved so that it lies upon the retina. It is necessary to prescribe a partial equivalent of the astigmatism. The determination of and correction for astigmoatism should never be done in the presence of a chalazion, which may cause an abnormal curvature ,of the cornea. The axis of the astigmatism may also differ slightly when the cycloplegic findings are compared with those of the postcycloplegic test or on accommodation. In case of different between cycloplegic and noncycloplegic findings, a compromise should be arrived at depending upon the reliability of the subjective refraction. Irregular astigmatism caused by corneal scars, conical cornea and the like may be detected by the retinoscopic image, the irregular cornea reflecton of the concentric circles of Placido's disc or the keratometric image. Such astigmatism can best corrected by the use of contact lens.
Asthenopia ; Astigmatism* ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Chalazion ; Cicatrix ; Compensation and Redress ; Cornea ; Diffusion ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Hand ; Humans ; Refractive Errors ; Retina ; Retinoscopy ; Running ; Sensation ; Visual Acuity

The term congenital glaucoma is used to indicate a state of raised introcular pressure due to an intrauterein disturbance and menifest at or shortly after birth. DIAGNOSIS: Dicision as to the presence or absence of primary congenital glaucoma (buphthalmos) in infants is not always easy. Correct diagnosis and further dicision as to the proper form of treatment necessitates considering all the factors. Early signs; 1. Epiphera, photophobia and blepharospasm. 2. Corneal edema. 3. Corneal enlargement. 4. Tears in Descemet's membrane. 5. Deep anterior chamber. 6. Cupping and atrophy of optic discs. Late signs; Late changes are the result of progression of earlier signs. Examination. Office examination. Examination under general anesthesia. 1. External examination. 2. Corneal diameter measurement. 3. Intraocular pressure and facility of outflow. 4. Ophthalmoscopy. 5. Gonioscopy. TREATMENT: Medical; Surgical; 1. Goniotomy. 2. Goniopuncture. 3. Fistulizing procedure. 4. Cyclodiathermy. 5. Cyclocryotherapy.
Anesthesia, General ; Anterior Chamber ; Atrophy ; Blepharospasm ; Corneal Edema ; Descemet Membrane ; Diagnosis* ; Glaucoma* ; Gonioscopy ; Humans ; Infant ; Intraocular Pressure ; Ophthalmoscopy ; Parturition ; Photophobia ; Trabeculectomy

Inflammation of the uveal tract may be divided into three pathological types-acute purulent, subacute or chronic exudative, and granulomatous inflammations. However these catagories are considered merely as pathological types, not as clinical pictures. I. Acute purulent inflammations. Acute purulent inflammations, which are caused either by exogenous infection through a perforating wound or by endogenous infection through the blood-stream, tend usually to involve the entire globe. Such a generalized purulent inflammation of the inner eye is called panophthalmitis; it is not discussed here. II. Subacute and chronic exudative uveitis. Cases of subacute or chronic uveitis are much more common than those of acute panophthalmitis. The characteristics of such inflammations are essentially the same whatever their site. These may be summarized under three headings: changes in the affected tissue, the reaction of the pigmentary epithelium, and the formation of exudate. Whatever their etiology, the same general pathological picture is presented. In the initial stages there is vasodilation and edema with an intense and diffuse infiltration of the uveal tissues with mononuclear cells showing a tendency to aggregate into nodules. The inflammation may remain focal and involve some limited degree of necrosis whcih attracts large mononuclear phagocytes to be followed by repair by fibrosis. Such an inflammation may heal completely leaving a small and unimportant scar at the site of the focal lesion, or residual tell-tale aggregations of lymphocytes or mononuclear histiocytes to mark the site and extent of previous lesions. III. Granulomatous uveitis. The pure granulomatous reaction can be summarized as follows: at first an outpouring of leukocytes which are quickly replaced by a specific type of inflammatory cell-the large mononuclear phagocyte. These cells proliferate and invade the tissue. They undergo various transitions, chiefly into epitheloid cells. In many instance sensitizing antibodies are formed and the tissue become hypersensitive. Necrosis then occurs. Finally there it a reparative connective or glial tissue reaction with replacement of the destroyed tissue by a hyaline scar.
Antibodies ; Cicatrix ; Edema ; Epithelium ; Exudates and Transudates ; Fibrosis ; Head ; Histiocytes ; Hyalin ; Inflammation ; Leukocytes ; Lymphocytes ; Necrosis ; Panophthalmitis ; Pathology* ; Phagocytes ; Uveitis* ; Vasodilation ; Wounds and Injuries

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the role of HPV 16 and 18 in adenocarcinoma in situ(ACIS) of the uterine cervix. METHODS: Seventeen cases of primary cervical adenocarcinoma in situ were analyzed for HPV DNA by polymerase chain reaction. HPV 16 and 18 DNA extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded histologic tissue sections by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: 35.3% and 23.5% of ACIS were positive for HPV 16 and HPV 18 DNA, respectively. From the normal tissue, 11.8% were positive for HPV 16. Human papillomavirus positive patients were younger than negative patients but statistically insignificant(mean age 42.1 vs 51.7 years). CONCLUSIONS: These results show that HPV type 16 and 18 were closely related to etiology of the ACIS of the uterine cervix.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Cervix Uteri* ; DNA ; Female ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; Human papillomavirus 18 ; Humans* ; Papilloma* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

No abstact available.
Diagnosis*

Mixed tumor that occurs in the orbit is very rare but takes a great part of the tumors of the lacrimal glands. It is so pleomorphic that a great deal of confusion exists as to the nature and histogenesis. The tumor appears as a palpable mass in the upper and outer quadrant of the orbit. Usually the tumor is hard, nodular and slightly mobile, lying just underneath the orbital rim. The tumor causes exophthalmos associated with proptosis and some limitation of motion. The treatment of the choice is radical excision of the tumor and followed by x-ray radiation. A 40 year old Korean woman had a hard, nontender mass on the left supraorbital region which had developed for about three years. The encapsulated orbital tumor was removed surgically and found to be a mixed tumor histopathologically.
Adult ; Deception ; Exophthalmos ; Female ; Humans ; Lacrimal Apparatus* ; Male ; Orbit ; Orbit* ; Young Adult

The purpose of this study is to present quantitative data showing the relationship between visual acuity and refractive error in the various types of myopia: simple myopia, simple myopic astigmatism and compound myopic astigmatism. 1. The study covered 681 patient (1259 eyes) examined by having refractive error in myopia. (-0.25 ~ -20.00D) the Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University Medical Center and Wonju Christian Hospital. 2. Plotting the logarithm of visual acuity on the logarithm of the degree of myopia gives a coefficient correlation of -0.8028. The statistical data showed significant in correlation coefficient (r) in various types of myopIa: simple myopia r=-0.7789(p=0.001), simple myopic astigmatism r=-0.7877(p=0.001), compound myopic astigmatism r=-0.7537(p=0.001). 3. The coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.6445. 4. The mathematical mean of the various types of myopia: a. myopIa; simple myopia: 0.29(=20/60), simple myopic astigmatism: 0.87(=20/25), compound myopic astigmatism: 0.29(=20/60). b. visual acuity; simple myopia: -2.53D, simple myopic astigmatism: -0.50D, compound myopic astigmatism: -3.04D. 5. The formulas for the two regression line were: log V=-0.7385 log M-0.4976 (A)(F=2175.7303, p=0.001), log M= -0.8727 log V -0.3641 (B)(F=2175.7303, p=0.001). 6. Confidence limits were determined for the regression lines and table and set up for predicting either the degree of myopia or the visual acuity if the other is known.
Academic Medical Centers ; Astigmatism ; Gangwon-do ; Humans ; Myopia* ; Ophthalmology ; Refractive Errors* ; Visual Acuity*

Angioid streaks are a peculiar spoke-like distribution of dark-colored broad lines in the retinaradiating out from the optic nerve in a fashion similiar to the branching of blood vessels. It is thought to be due to breaks in the elastic lamina of Bruch's membrane. Their colour may be reddish-brown. dark-brown, grey or even in parts white. During a ophthalmoscopic examination they may be mistaken for retinal vessels. The lesion, however, lies beneath the retinal and above the choroidal vessels. Angioid streaks are most commonly seen in pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Paget's disease of bone and sickle cell anemia. Angioid streaks with pseudoxanthoma elasticum have been reported in all races and in all decades of life. The peak age lies between 30 and 50. Pseudoxnnthoma elasticum is a dermatologic condition characterized by changes in the elastic tissue of the skin. A 21 year old Korean lady with pseudoxanthoma e!asticum has been found to have angioid streaks in her both fundi.
Anemia, Sickle Cell ; Angioid Streaks* ; Blood Vessels ; Bruch Membrane ; Choroid ; Continental Population Groups ; Elastic Tissue ; Humans ; Optic Nerve ; Osteitis Deformans ; Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum* ; Retina* ; Retinal Vessels ; Retinaldehyde ; Skin ; Young Adult