No abstract available.
Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous*

OBJECTIVETo investigate the difference of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) between neonates and adults with the frequency-specific approach.

METHODSTEOAE were recorded from 112 newborns (62 females, 58 males) who passed hearing screening, and 32 adults (17 females, 15 males) tested with pure-tone threshold equal or less than 20 dBHL. Band reproducibility, signal-to-noise rate (SNR) of frequency-band and half-octave frequency analysis of TEOAE amplitude was recorded respectively.

RESULTSSignificant differences were found in two groups, the higher entire TEOAE level found in newborn [(15.18 +/- 4.39) dB SPL] was higher than that of adults group [(9.51 +/- 4.12) dB SPL, P < 0.05]. The lowest wave reproducibility and SNR were in first frequency band (0.8 kHz) for neonate, and then, in last frequency band (4.0 kHz) were for young adults. For newborns, the highest band reproducibility and SNR were presented at fourth frequency band (3.2 kHz). However, for adults, the highest band reproducibility and SNR were presented at second frequency band (1.5 kHz). Frequency space of the SNR response peaks between neonates and adults was 1.7 kHz. The level difference was 7.09 dB SPL. Half octave frequency analysis shows a TEOAE response peaks in neonates was (10.50 +/- 5.09) dB SPL at the 2828 Hz, and in adults, it was (2.84 +/- 5.33) dB SPL at the 1414 Hz. Frequency space of the TEOAE response peaks between neonates and adults was 1414 Hz. Level differences of TEOAE response peaks was 7.66 dB SPL. TEOAE response peak in adult appear at 1.5 kHz, and then dropped down correlated to increase of frequency. From the first to the last testing frequency band, the difference of TEOAE level between neonate and adult was found to increase correlated to increase of frequency.

CONCLUSIONSTEOAE response level in newborn is higher than that in adult group. Further, the decrease of TEOAE response level presented more sharpens with the frequency increasing in adult. The frequency of TEOAE response peak in neonate (3.2 kHz) is higher than adult (1.5 kHz). The level of TEOAE response peak is also greater than adult.

Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the newborn hearing screening program in The Medical City based on the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (JCIH) 2007 Position Statement Quality Indicators. Methods: Study Design: Cross - Sectional Survey. Setting: Tertiary Private Hospital. Participants: All newborns who underwent newborn hearing screening in The Medical City for the year 2015. Results: Of 2,010 patients delivered in the hospital in year 2015, 1,986 (98.8%) were screened. Among the 59 babies with initial “refer” results, 15 (25.42%) “referred” a second time while 24 (40.68%) “passed” the rescreening. Twenty (33.89%) did not undergo rescreening (10 were classified as dropouts, while another 10 did not undergo rescreening for various reasons. Of those who “referred” during rescreening, only 9 (60%) had further evaluation done with ABR/ASSR. Among these, 4 (26.66%) had hearing loss and proceeded with the appropriate monitoring and management while 5 (33.33%) had normal hearing. Conclusion The current newborn hearing screening program in the Medical City was able to reach JCIH 2007 quality indicators for screening but not for confirmation of hearing Loss. All patients with hearing loss were managed with early rehabilitation.
Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem

Tinnitus-the perception of sound in the absence of an actual external sound-represents a symptom of an underlying condition rather than a single disease. Several theories have been proposed to explain the mechanisms underlying tinnitus. Tinnitus generators are theoretically located in the auditory pathway, and such generators and various mechanisms occurring in the peripheral auditory system have been explained in terms of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions, edge theory, and discordant theory. Those present in the central auditory system have been explained in terms of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, the auditory plasticity theory, the crosstalk theory, the somatosensory system, and the limbic and autonomic nervous systems. Treatments for tinnitus include pharmacotherapy, cognitive and behavioral therapy, sound therapy, music therapy, tinnitus retraining therapy, massage and stretching, and electrical suppression. This paper reviews the characteristics, causes, mechanisms, and treatments of tinnitus.
Auditory Pathways ; Autonomic Nervous System ; Cochlear Nucleus ; Massage ; Music Therapy ; Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous ; Tinnitus

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The transmission properties of the middle ear directly influence otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) which are transmitted from the cochlea to the ear canal via middle ear. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of middle ear effusion (MEE) on detectability of various OAEs and to assess the potential applicability of DPOAE measurements in monitoring the middle ear status. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs), transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were recorded for 44 normal ears and 32 ears with MEE. DPOAEs were collected in two basic forms consisting of distortion product audiograms(DPgrams) and input-output (I-O) functions, elicited by two primary tones fl and f2 with varying geometric mean frequencies between 1-6 kHz. RESULTS: SOAEs were absent in 21 ears of 32 ears with MEE, TEOAEs were diminished in 28 ears with MEE, and DPgrams were eliminated in 17 ears with MEE. I-O function curves at 3 kHz and 4 kHz were significantly diminished by equal levels of fl and f2 primary tones of 45 & 55 dB SPL under the condition of MEE (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that MEE affects the detectability of various OAEs and that the DP I-O function curve measurement at 3 and 4 kHz may be valuable to monitor the middle ear status in pediatric patients.
Cochlea ; Ear ; Ear Canal ; Ear, Middle* ; Humans ; Otitis Media with Effusion* ; Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous

In order to observe the DPOAE of guinea pigs under awake and anesthetic conditions, we invesitigated the amplitude of distortion product emission and I/O function curves and made a comparative analysis of their changes under different conditions. It was found that the amplitude of DPOAE and I/O curves did not show difference in the guinea pigs under awake and anesthetics conditions. We deem it credible and simple to measure DPOAE in the guinea pigs under awake condition, which is similar to measuring DPOAE in the guinea pigs under physiological condition.
Acoustic Stimulation ; Anesthesia ; Animals ; Cochlea ; physiology ; Female ; Guinea Pigs ; Male ; Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous ; physiology

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) have been used as a screening test for early detection of hearing loss in newborns and infants, because most of the normal hearing show TEOAEs. But the lack of understanding about the properties of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) has limited their usefulness on the clinical basis. This study was designed with the purpose to find out the properties of SOAEs and their correlation with TEOAEs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TEOAE and SOAE tests were performed in 95 neonates (190 ears, male:female=47:48) of well baby clinic in DKUH. RESULTS: 1) The prevalence of SOAEs were 86.8% (165/190 ears):87.2% (82/94 ears) in male and 86.5% (83/96 ears) in female, 91% (86/95 ears) in the right ears and 83% (75/95 ears) in the left ears. 2) The number of peaks in SOAEs was 4.14+/-1.92 overally, 4.38+/-2.01 in right ears, 3.87+/-1.79 in left ears, and 4.34+/-1.95 in males and 3.94+/-1.88 in females. There was a significant difference between the right and the left ears. 3) The level of SOAEs was -18.4 to 22.6 dB SPL. The highest amplitude of SOAEs in each subject was 3.69+/-8.87 dB SPL. 4) The SOAE frequency was mainly between 1000 Hz and 4000 Hz, and most frequently between 3000 Hz and 4000 Hz. The mean frequency of the highest amplitude of SOAE was 2907+/-1092 Hz. 5) The highest amplitude of SOAE was correlated with the overall response amplitude of TEOAE (r=0.619, p<0.01), but not the number of peaks (r=0.086, p=0.272). CONCLUSION: Neonates have robust SOAEs, which correlated with their TEOAEs.
Ear ; Female ; Hearing ; Hearing Loss ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn* ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous ; Prevalence

OBJECTIVE: To find mechanism of tinnitus and explore effective treatment for tinnitus. METHOD: The 133 tinnitus patients were assigned into two groups by relationship between Distortion product otoacoustic emissions and frequencies of tinnitus: relationship group (73 cases) and non-relationship group (60 cases). All 133 cases were treated with drug, such as injection of Lipo PGE1, Vitamin B1 and Vitamin B12. After 14 days of treatment the efficacy of the medicines in two groups was observed. RESULT: The effective rate of two groups mentioned above were 75.3% and 36.7% respectively (P < 0.01). Furthermore, effective rate was correlative to the course of the tinnitus. CONCLUSION Drug therapy can be a choice for patients who have relationship between DPOAEs and frequencies of tinnitus, especially for acute tinnitus. Personalized treatment should be provided.
Adult ; Audiometry, Pure-Tone ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous ; Tinnitus ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between blood levels of lead and the function states of cochlear outer hair cells (OHC). METHOD: Two hundred and fifty-six children lived in Pb-Zn mine area and Yiliang country, aged from 6 to 7 years were enrolled in this study. Blood lead (B-Pb) levels were measured. Otoacoustic emission (OAE) tests including transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) and distortion products otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) were also measured in these children. RESULT: The difference in B-Pb levels between the school children who lived in mine area and children lived in country was significant (P < 0.01). There were negative correlations between the B-Pb levels and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) on DPOAE test in children who lived in country and those lived in mine area (P < 0.01). The difference in relative coefficients of B-Pb levels between the children lived in mine and children lived in country were significant (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The B-Pb levels of children who lived in mine area were higher than that of those lived in country. SNR decreased in plumbism cases. Long-term Pb expose may influence the function of cochlear OHC and higher B-Pb levels may lead to worse function of OHC.
Audiometry ; Auditory Threshold ; Child ; Environmental Exposure ; Female ; Humans ; Lead ; blood ; Male ; Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between passing rate of otoacoustic emission (OAE) and pure tone thresholds. METHOD: OAE including both transient evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) and distortion products otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) as well as pure tone thresholds were measured in subjects with normal hearing and sensory hearing loss. The passing rates of OAE were calculated in subjects with different age groups and different pure tone thresholds. RESULT: TEOAE can identify hearing loss at frequencies of 2 kHz and below. For TEOAE and 2 kHz DPOAE, passing rate has no difference between different age groups. For 4 kHz DPOAE, the passing rate in age over 50 years group is lower than other groups. The passing rate decreased as the pure tone threshold increased. When TEOAE and DPOAE suggest " pass", 70%, 81%, 79% subjects had pure tone threshold lower than 25 dB HL and 94%, 96%, 93% lower than 40 dB HL respectively. When they suggest "refer", 93%, 84%, 87% subjects had pure tone threshold higher than 25 dB HL and 71%, 58%, 68% higher than 40 dB HL respectively. CONCLUSION TEOAE is sensitive to hearing loss at middle and low frequencies but not at high frequencies. Measuring both TEOAE and DPOAE might provide more information of hearing loss at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 kHz. It is worth noting that even OAE suggest "pass" or "refer", because there is still exist the possibility of hearing loss.
Audiometry, Pure-Tone ; Auditory Threshold ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous