Animals ; Humans ; Influenza, Human ; virology ; Orthomyxoviridae ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; veterinary ; virology ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; virology ; Viral Proteins ; genetics

Adenoviruses, Human ; Child ; Humans ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; virology

Animals ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; immunology ; Influenza, Human ; immunology ; Interferons ; immunology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; immunology ; virology

A novel H17N10 subtype of the influenza A viruses was found in bats in 2012. Protein sequence and structural analyses revealed that the HA17 and NA10 proteins of this strain are different from corresponding ones in known influenza A subtype viruses. Both HA17 and NA10 proteins cannot bind to sialic acid,which indicates that they may have novel functions. This article briefly describes the state of current research into the H17N10 subtype of bat influenza A virus.
Animals ; Chiroptera ; virology ; Influenza A virus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; veterinary ; virology ; Viral Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism

Mice models of viral pneumonia were induced by pulmonary adaptive strain FM1 of influenza A virus in Asian mice.RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to dynamically observe the effect of Scutellariae Radix on the protein and gene expression of inflammatory cytokine in the lungs of the model mice infected by influenza virus FM1 at different phases. The partial mechanism of Scutellariae Radix in repairing the immune inflammatory damage of target organs of pneumonia caused by influenza virus was further explored. The results showed that Scutellariae Radix reduced protein and gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor( TNF-α),interleukin IL-1,IL-6 in lung tissues from 3 rd to 5 th day after infection,and increased protein and gene expression of IL-10 and IFN-γ in lung tissues on the 5 th day after infection. Scutellariae Radix may inhibit excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines,thereby inhibiting the systemic inflammatory response syndrome,reducing the immunoinflammatory pathological damage of lung caused by influenza virus FM1 infection,and promoting lung repair of tissue inflammatory lesions.
Animals ; Cytokines/immunology* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Lung/virology* ; Mice ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/drug therapy* ; Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy* ; Scutellaria baicalensis/chemistry*

The ferret is an established animal model of influenza virus infection. Although viral replication in the upper respiratory tract is usually measured with consecutively collected nasal washes, daily evaluation of viral replication in the lung is limited because a large numbers of ferrets need to be sacrificed at consecutive time points. To overcome this limitation, we performed a virus quantification assay using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. This non-invasive BAL technique allows consecutive quantification of virus replication in the lungs of living ferrets. Our method can be used for the longitudinal evaluation of virus tropism in the lower respiratory tract.
Animals ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage/*veterinary ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Ferrets/*virology ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/*physiology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/*veterinary/virology ; Respiratory System/*virology ; Virus Replication/*physiology

In 2006, a swine influenza virus (SIV) isolate was isolated from 30 nasal swabs samples collected from pigs with clinical syndromes of swine influenza in a pig farm of Liaoning Province. The virus isolate was studied and identified by the growth in 9-11 days old chicken embryo, hemagglutination (HA) assay, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays (RT-PCR) for its genetic subtype, whole gene sequence analysis and animal trial for its virulence. The virus isolate demonstrated the hemagglutination activity. Result of HI test against H1 subtype of SIV was positive, however, the results were negative when the HI studies were conducted using SIV H3 subtype virus and Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). Eight gene segments of the virus isolate were amplified by RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the gene sequence of the virus isolate by using DNAstar software program revealed that the isolate have the H1 HA gene, by comparing to the sequences of H1-H16 in the GenBank. Furthermore, sequencing results also demonstrated that the virus isolate's NA gene belongs to N1 subtype. Therefore, the subtype of the SIV isolate is H1N1. The results of sequence analysis indicated that the genome of the SIV-H1N1 LN strain includes 8 fragments, among which only M protein gene is not swine originated. All other 7 fragments have close relationship with the domestic standard swine H1N1 strains. Results suggested that the SIV isolate LN strain might be created by a possible triple reassortants among the classic swine influenza virus, human influenza-like virus, and avian influenza-like virus. Piglets were inoculated with the SIV LN strain virus preparations and the virus caused the typical clinical symptoms of swine influenza in the inoculated piglets. This study, the isolation, identification and genetic analysis of the SIV LN strain provided useful information and basic data for the further investigation of epidemic principles and patterns of swine influenza virus in China.
Animals ; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Lung ; virology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; virology ; Phylogeny ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; virology

Swine influenza viruses (SIVs) are respiratory pathogens of pigs. They cause both economic bur den in livestock-dependent industries and serious global public health concerns in humans. Because of their dual susceptibility to human and avian influenza viruses, pigs are recognized as intermediate hosts for genetic reassortment and interspecies transmission. Subtypes H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 circulate in swine populations around the world, with varied origin and genetic characteristics among different continents and regions. In this review, the role of pigs in evolution of influenza A viruses, the genetic evolution of SIVs and interspecies transmission of SIVs are described. Considering the possibility that pigs might produce novel influenza viruses causing more outbreaks and pandemics, routine epidemiological surveillance of influenza viruses in pig populations is highly recommended.
Animals ; Humans ; Influenza A virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; transmission ; virology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; transmission ; veterinary ; virology ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; epidemiology ; transmission ; virology

Animals ; Global Health ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Influenza A virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; history ; mortality ; virology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; veterinary ; virology ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; epidemiology ; virology

Animals ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; virology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; veterinary ; virology ; Recombination, Genetic ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; virology ; Terminology as Topic ; Viral Proteins ; genetics