Animals ; Humans ; Influenza, Human ; virology ; Orthomyxoviridae ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; veterinary ; virology ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; virology ; Viral Proteins ; genetics

The ferret is an established animal model of influenza virus infection. Although viral replication in the upper respiratory tract is usually measured with consecutively collected nasal washes, daily evaluation of viral replication in the lung is limited because a large numbers of ferrets need to be sacrificed at consecutive time points. To overcome this limitation, we performed a virus quantification assay using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. This non-invasive BAL technique allows consecutive quantification of virus replication in the lungs of living ferrets. Our method can be used for the longitudinal evaluation of virus tropism in the lower respiratory tract.
Animals ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage/*veterinary ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Ferrets/*virology ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/*physiology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/*veterinary/virology ; Respiratory System/*virology ; Virus Replication/*physiology

A novel H17N10 subtype of the influenza A viruses was found in bats in 2012. Protein sequence and structural analyses revealed that the HA17 and NA10 proteins of this strain are different from corresponding ones in known influenza A subtype viruses. Both HA17 and NA10 proteins cannot bind to sialic acid,which indicates that they may have novel functions. This article briefly describes the state of current research into the H17N10 subtype of bat influenza A virus.
Animals ; Chiroptera ; virology ; Influenza A virus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; veterinary ; virology ; Viral Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism

Swine influenza viruses (SIVs) are respiratory pathogens of pigs. They cause both economic bur den in livestock-dependent industries and serious global public health concerns in humans. Because of their dual susceptibility to human and avian influenza viruses, pigs are recognized as intermediate hosts for genetic reassortment and interspecies transmission. Subtypes H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 circulate in swine populations around the world, with varied origin and genetic characteristics among different continents and regions. In this review, the role of pigs in evolution of influenza A viruses, the genetic evolution of SIVs and interspecies transmission of SIVs are described. Considering the possibility that pigs might produce novel influenza viruses causing more outbreaks and pandemics, routine epidemiological surveillance of influenza viruses in pig populations is highly recommended.
Animals ; Humans ; Influenza A virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; transmission ; virology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; transmission ; veterinary ; virology ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; epidemiology ; transmission ; virology

Animals ; Global Health ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Influenza A virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; history ; mortality ; virology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; veterinary ; virology ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; epidemiology ; virology

Animals ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; virology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; veterinary ; virology ; Recombination, Genetic ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; virology ; Terminology as Topic ; Viral Proteins ; genetics

Objective: Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is an important member of the IFITM family. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its antiviral action have not been completely elucidated. Recent studies on IFITM3, particularly those focused on innate antiviral defense mechanisms, have shown that IFITM3 affects the body's adaptive immune response. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of IFITM3 proteins to immune control of influenza infection . Methods: We performed proteomics, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry analysis and used bioinformatics tools to systematically compare and analyze the differences in natural killer (NK) cell numbers, their activation, and their immune function in the lungs of -/- and wild-type mice. Results: -/- mice developed more severe inflammation and apoptotic responses compared to wild-type mice. Moreover, the NK cell activation was higher in the lungs of -/- mice during acute influenza infection. Conclusions Based on our results, we speculate that the NK cells are more readily activated in the absence of IFITM3, increasing mortality in -/- mice.
Acute Disease ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Humans ; Influenza, Human ; virology ; Male ; Membrane Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; veterinary ; virology ; Rodent Diseases ; virology

Since the first report of a swine influenza virus (SIV) infection in humans in 1958, cases have occurred continuously and increased significantly after the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Although exposure to swine is thought to be a risk factor for human SIVs infections, approximately half of the reported cases had no known exposure to pigs. Besides, epidemiological investigation showed that several cases had limited human-to-human transmission. Based on the analyses of data on swine influenza virus infection in humans in this review, both the improved SIVs surveillance in humans and swine population and wider vaccination coverage among occupational workers are critical strategies in pandemic preparedness and response.
Animals ; Humans ; Influenza A virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Influenza, Human ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; transmission ; virology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; veterinary ; virology ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; transmission ; virology ; Zoonoses ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; transmission ; virology

In order to analyze the molecular epidemiology of A (H1N1) influenza virus in 2009, the complete genome sequences of influenza strains from different host sources downloaded from the NCBI were analyzed on genetic evolution by DNAstar software in this research. The results showed that 79 mutation sites of new A (H1N1) influenza virus were observed compared to previous human A (H1N1) influenza strain, including 14 mutation sites new in all A (H1N1) influenza sources and 37 mutation sites only observed in swine strain. A significant difference was represented in antigenic sites between new A (H1N1) influenza strain and the previous human A (H1N1) strain. This phenomenon shows the new A (H1N1) influenza strain is either originated from the recombination of human and swine strain or from the infection in pig populations and gradual mutation to human tansmission, which remains to be further studied.
Animals ; Birds ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Evolution, Molecular ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus ; classification ; genetics ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; genetics ; Influenza in Birds ; virology ; Influenza, Human ; virology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; veterinary ; virology ; Phylogeny ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; virology

In this study, the HPAIV A/Tiger/Harbin/01/2002 (H5N1) used was originated from tigers and propagated in SPF embryonated hen eggs. TCID5, of the virus was 10(-7.36)/0. 05mL on MDCK cell. The cats were inoculated through bronchus route and then, the cats of dead and control were collected for histopathological and immunohistochemistry examination. Meanwhile, the emulsion supernatant fluid of organs and the pharyngeal swab samples of the dead cats were collected for RT-PCR, survived cats and the control cats were tested for the presence of HI antibody by standard method. The results indicated that the damage of lungs from the dead cats were most obvious, the wide range of red consolidation focus emerged on the lobus pulmonis, the fused focus of infection caused injury of lungs. Histology under the microscope revealed diffuse alveolar damage, confluence phlegmasia pathology, infiltration of lymphomonocytes, sackful of infiltration of macrophages and manipulus protein-like effusion in the alveolar. By immunohistochemistry, the positively stained virus particles were found on the epithelial cells of bronchus and alveolus, and also in the endochylema of lymphomonocytes. The specific electophoretic band of 464bp amplified by RT-PCR from samples of pharyngeal swabs, lungs, kidneys, hearts and brains was as same as the theory value. HI antibody titers of the survived cat were 1:32.
Animals ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Cat Diseases ; pathology ; Cats ; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests ; Immunohistochemistry ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype ; immunology ; pathogenicity ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; pathology ; veterinary ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Tigers ; virology