A region of 326 bp of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (cox1) for Opisthorchis sp sample collected in An My, Tuy An, Phu Yen, was amplified using PCR. Nucleotide sequence of this cox1 fragment was used to comparatively analyzed with that of O. viverrini, strain Khon Kaen, Thailand, and C. sinensis sequences of Opisthorchis sp of Vietnam, China and Korea. The analysis revealed that nucleotide sequences of Opisthorchis sp of Vietnam has absolute homology to O. viverrini strain Khon Kaen, Thai Lan, but difference from C. sinensis originated from Vietnam, China and Korea. Opisthorchis sp of Vietnam isolated in Phu Yen is, thus, molecularly identified as Opisthorchis viverrini. This gives rise to establish a diagnostic approach and aspect of preventive/control for these species
Opisthorchis ; Molecular Biology ; epidemiology

A survey concerning the infestation of clonorchis sinensis in human was conducted in 4 communes of Ninh Binh and Nam Dinh provinces, from each, 100 households with their members of above 6 years old of age were enrolled randomly. Results showed a prevalence of 31.3 – 37.3% in Nam Dinh and 22.5% in Ninh Binh epidemic areas. The prevalence in male subjects was higher than in female (45.5 –47.6% versus 10.9 – 26.1%). The age group of 40-49 years old had had the highest prevalence (51.9%). There, 35.9 – 80.4% of people had consumed raw fish.
Opisthorchis ; Epidemiology ; Clonorchis sinensis

Codon usage bias (CUB) is a unique property of genomes and has contributed to the better understanding of the molecular features and the evolution processes of particular gene. In this study, genetic indices associated with CUB, including relative synonymous codon usage and effective numbers of codons, as well as the nucleotide composition, were investigated in the Clonorchis sinensis tyrosinase genes and their platyhelminth orthologs, which play an important role in the eggshell formation. The relative synonymous codon usage patterns substantially differed among tyrosinase genes examined. In a neutrality analysis, the correlation between GC₁₂ and GC₃ was statistically significant, and the regression line had a relatively gradual slope (0.218). NC-plot, i.e., GC₃ vs effective number of codons (ENC), showed that most of the tyrosinase genes were below the expected curve. The codon adaptation index (CAI) values of the platyhelminth tyrosinases had a narrow distribution between 0.685/0.714 and 0.797/0.837, and were negatively correlated with their ENC. Taken together, these results suggested that CUB in the tyrosinase genes seemed to be basically governed by selection pressures rather than mutational bias, although the latter factor provided an additional force in shaping CUB of the C. sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini genes. It was also apparent that the equilibrium point between selection pressure and mutational bias is much more inclined to selection pressure in highly expressed C. sinensis genes, than in poorly expressed genes.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Clonorchis sinensis* ; Codon* ; Genome ; Monophenol Monooxygenase* ; Opisthorchis ; Platyhelminths

Following the first report of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in a domestic duck in Phu My District of Binh Dinh Province, Central Vietnam, many other cases were observed in the province. We determined the infection rate and intensity of O. viverrini infection in ducks in 4 districts of the province. A total of 178 ducks were randomly selected from 34 farms for examination of flukes in the liver and gall bladder. An infection rate of 34.3% (range 20.7-40.4% among districts) was found; the intensity of infection was 13.8 worms per infected duck (range 1-100). These findings show the role of ducks as a host for O. viverrini, duck genotype, which is sympatric with the human O. viverrini genotype in this province. It also stresses the need for investigations on the zoonotic potential and the life cycle of this parasite.
Agriculture ; Ducks* ; Genotype ; Humans ; Life Cycle Stages ; Liver ; Opisthorchis* ; Parasites ; Prevalence* ; Trematoda* ; Urinary Bladder ; Vietnam*

Adult specimens of Echinostoma ilocanum (Garrison, 1908) Odhner, 1911 (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) were recovered from 2 riparian people who resided along the Mekong River in Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR. In fecal examinations done by the Kato-Katz technique, they revealed echinostome eggs together with eggs of Opisthorchis viverrini (and minute intestinal fluke eggs) and hookworms. To recover the adult flukes, they were treated with praziquantel 30–40 mg/kg in a single dose and purged with magnesium salts. A total of 658 adult fluke specimens were recovered from the 2 people; 456 from case 1 and 202 from case 2. Specimens from case 1 consisted of 335 echinostomes (301 E. ilocanum and 34 species undetermined), 120 O. viverrini, and 1 Haplorchis taichui, and those from case 2 consisted of 36 E. ilocanum, 134 O. viverrini, and 32 H. taichui. Thus, the number of E. ilocanum specimens was 337 in total (average per person, 168.5). From this study, it is suggested that foodborne intestinal flukes and liver flukes are highly prevalent along the Mekong River in Savannakhet Province. The present report describes for the first time human infections with E. ilocanum in Lao PDR.
Adult ; Ancylostomatoidea ; Echinostoma ; Echinostomiasis ; Eggs ; Fasciola hepatica ; Humans ; Magnesium ; Opisthorchis ; Ovum ; Praziquantel ; Rivers ; Salts ; Trematoda

Aim of the present study was to provide presence of opisthorchiid metacercariae in cyprinid fish Leuciscus idus in Nura-Sarysu river, Kazakhstan. Infection rate of the ides by the metacercariae was 42%. The metacercariae, similar morphologically to those of the liver flukes, were found: elliptical in shape, 0.19–0.25×0.15–0.22 mm, oral and ventral suckers nearly equal size, and excretory bladder O-shape with black content, occupying posterior part of the body. The metacercariae were divided into 2 groups with differences in size and thickness of cyst wall. Adult flukes were recovered from the Syrian hamsters infected with the opisthorch metacercariae and identified with morphological characters to Opisthorchis felineus and Metorchis bilis. DNA sequences of ITS1, ITS2, and cox1 supported the taxonomic assignment.
Adult ; Base Sequence ; Fasciola hepatica ; Humans ; Kazakhstan ; Mesocricetus ; Metacercariae ; Opisthorchis ; Rivers ; Trematoda ; Urinary Bladder

An archaeoparasitological analysis of the soil samples from Nadym Gorodok site of Western Siberia has been carried out in this study. The archaeological site was dated as the 13 to 18th century, being characterized as permafrost region ensuring good preservation of ancient parasite eggs. Parasite eggs as Opisthorchis felineus, Alaria alata, and Diphyllobothrium sp. were found in the archaeological soil samples, which made clear about the detailed aspects of Nadym Gorodok people's life. We found the Diphyllobothrium sp. eggs throughout the 14 to 18th century specimens, allowing us to presume that raw or undercooked fish might have been commonly used for the foods of Nadym Gorodok inhabitants and their dogs for at least the past 400 years. Our study on Nadym Gorodok specimens also demonstrate that there might have been migratory interactions and strong economic ties between the people and society in Western Siberia, based on archaeoparasitological results of Opisthorchis felineus in Western Siberia.
Animals ; Archaeology ; Asia, Northern ; Diphyllobothrium ; Dogs ; Eggs ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Opisthorchis ; Ovum ; Parasites ; Permafrost ; Siberia ; Soil

Feline parasites were investigated in the area of Suwon in Korea from September to October, 2003. Wild cat had spread to zoonotic parasites, these parasites could cause infection with a person. People have a lot of interest in parasite infection of wild cat. This article reviews rate of infection of a parasites and kind of a parasite of wild cats. We will report the critical characteristic features of parasites to a better understanding of the disease. The incidence rates of Toxocara cati, Trichuris felis, Ancylostoma braziliense and Capillaria sp were 37.0, 4.3, 1.1 and 1.1% in nematodes. Those of Taenia taeniaformis and Opisthorchis sp were 2.2 and 1.1% in cestode and trematode. Those of Isospora felis, Toxoplasma gondii, and Sarcocystis sp were 8.7, 9.8, and 2.2% in protozoa. Almost of these were zoonotic parasites without Isospora felis.
Ancylostoma ; Animals ; Capillaria ; Cats ; Cestoda ; Felis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Isospora ; Korea ; Opisthorchis ; Parasites ; Prevalence ; Sarcocystis ; Taenia ; Toxocara ; Toxoplasma ; Trichuris

Opisthorchis viverrini infection induces chronic inflammation, and a minor proportion of infected individuals develop advanced periductal fibrosis (APF) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Inflammatory cytokines and/or their gene polymorphisms may link to these biliary pathologies. We therefore investigated associations among cytokine gene polymorphisms and cytokine production in 510 Thai cases infected with O. viverrini who presented with APF+ or APF−, as established by abdominal ultrasonography as well as in patients diagnosed with CCA. Levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were determined in culture supernatants after stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with O. viverrini excretory-secretory (ES) products. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, LT-α, and TNF-α were significantly increased in CCA patients compared with non-CCA (APF− and APF+) cases. Polymorphisms in genes encoding IL-1β-511C/T, IL-6-174G/C, IFN-γ +874T/A, LT-α +252A/G, and TNF-α−308G/A were then investigated by using PCR-RFLP or allele specific-PCR (AS-PCR) analyses. In the CCA cases, LT-α +252A/G and TNF-α−308G/A heterozygous and homozygous variants showed significantly higher levels of these cytokines than the wild type. By contrast, levels of cytokines in wild type of IFN-γ +874T/A were significantly higher than the variants in CCA cases. IFN-γ +874T/A polymorphisms were associated with advanced periductal fibrosis, whereas IL-6 −174G/C polymorphisms were associated with CCA. To our knowledge, these findings provide the first demonstration that O. viverrini infected individuals carrying several specific cytokine gene polymorphisms are susceptible to develop fibrosis and CCA.
Alleles ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cholangiocarcinoma* ; Cytokines ; Fasciola hepatica* ; Fibrosis* ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Interleukin-6 ; Liver* ; Opisthorchis* ; Pathology ; Ultrasonography

Chronic Opisthorchis viverrini-induced hepatobiliary disease is associated with significant leukocyte infiltration, including activated macrophages; however, the polarization of infiltrating macrophages remains to be fully characterized. In this study, we characterized macrophage polarization and phenotype in chronic O. viverrini-induced hepatobiliary disease in humans and hamsters using gene expression and histochemical analysis. Chronic O. viverrini infection and associated hepatobiliary diseases were associated with iron loaded M2-like macrophages in both humans and hamsters. This study provides suggestive evidence that iron loaded M2-like macrophages promote hepatobiliary disease in chronic O. viverrini infection.
Animals ; Cricetinae ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Histocytochemistry ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Iron/*metabolism ; Liver Cirrhosis/*parasitology/*pathology ; Macrophages/*immunology/metabolism ; Mesocricetus ; Opisthorchiasis/*complications/*pathology ; Opisthorchis/*isolation & purification