In 10 patients who complained of photopsia or "spots before their eyes", indirect ophthalmoscopy with scleral depressor was performed very carefully. In 7 out of 10 of these patients, we found retinal holes which were not easily detectable. Also, on 3 of these 7 patients, prophylactic cryopexy was performed. Therefore, we feel that indirect ophthalmoscopy should be done not only on patients who present these symptoms, but this examination should also be performed on asymptomatic patients as well.
Humans ; Ophthalmoscopy ; Retinal Perforations

The Nerve Fiber Layer Anlyzer (LDT Inc., U.S.A.) is a scanning laser polarimetric ophthalmoscopy that uses the polarizing properties of the retinal nerve fiber layer. I performed 10 consecutive measurements from 15degrees peripapillary area in 10 normal eyes and 10 glaucomatous eyes to evaluate the reproducibility of the instrument. The nerve fiber layer thickness was are 76.8+/-9.0m for normal subjects and 81.5+/-8.4m for galucoma patients. The mean coeffitient of variation of the 1.5 disc diameters (15degrees) for normal subjects was 11.6(3.14-11.27) and for glaucoma eyes was 10.4(2.4612.46). This results indicate that the reproducibility of NFA was good in measuring the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. Further investigation seems warranted to compare normal and glaucomatous eyes.
Glaucoma ; Humans ; Nerve Fibers* ; Ophthalmoscopy ; Retinaldehyde*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical usefulness, convenience, and possibility of using the medical records of fundus photography with a smartphone. METHODS: We used an ophthalmoscope to examine the images using a smartphone (iphone 6, Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA) and +20D and +28D condensing lenses. Twenty-four subjects were selected for comparison with the conventional funduscopic camera. The posterior pole of the 45° range of the right eye and the fundus photograph taken using the smartphone were analyzed. We measured the distances between specific points on three photographs taken of the patient and calculated the photographing range. RESULTS: The +20 D lens was 0.80 ± 0.06 times smaller than that of the fundus camera and +1.12 ± 0.06 times bigger than that of the fundus photograph. When the area of the funduscope was converted to 45°, +20 D could visualize an area of 36.10 ± 2.82°, and +28 D could visualize a 50.56 ± 2.68° area. CONCLUSIONS: Without expensive equipment, a smart phone and a condensing lens can be used to easily perform fundus examination without the need for a special technique. Therefore, this technique is not only useful clinically, but also is very convenient for keeping medical records as fundus photographs.
Humans ; Medical Records ; Ophthalmoscopes ; Ophthalmoscopy ; Photography* ; Smartphone*

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the status of fundus torsion in 48 patients with unilateral inferior oblique overaction(IOOA) and the results were compared with that in 182 patients who showed normal inferior oblique function by an indirect ophthalmoscope under general anesthesia before strabismic surgery. In 48 eyes with unilateral IOOA, 35 eyes(72.9%) showed extorsion in the same eye. We could also find extorsion in 9 normal fellow eyes(18.7%). Among 182 horizontal strabismic patients(364 eyes) with normal inferior oblique function, there were 23 eyes(6.3%) of extorsion and 1 eye (0.3%) of intorsion. We compared the degree of extorsion with that of IOOA in 48 patients with unilateral IOOA: a mild extorsion were observed in 2 of 10 eyes with IOOA+1. A mild and moderate extorsion were observed in 13(72.2%) and 3 (16.7%) of 18 eyes with IOOA+2, respectively. A mild and moderate extorsion were observed in 9(45%) and 8(40%) of 20 eyes with IOOA+3 respectively. These findings showed that the greater IOOA produces the greater extorsion(p<0.01). On our results the fundus indirect ophthamoscopy before strabismic surgery seems to be helpful in the diagnosis of cyclotorsion.
Anesthesia, General* ; Diagnosis* ; Humans ; Ophthalmoscopes ; Ophthalmoscopy* ; Strabismus*

In the Philippine setting, hospitals, particularly government, provincial and regional hospitals are equipped with general body scanners. Ophthalmic ultrasound particularly the ocular B-scan ultrasound is not available. Can a B-scan general body ultrasound be used for visualizing gross intra-ocular disease? It is the objective of this study to describe the usefulness of a 7.5MHz general body ultrasound in detecting and supporting diagnosis for specific intra-ocular conditions. After a thorough history and physical examination, a total of 11 eyes were examined with diagnosis of retinal detachments, vitreous hemorrhage, dislocated lens, intra-ocular foreign body and a normal eye for comparison. All examinations were done by only one senior radiology resident. Results obtained from the 7.5MHz transducer were compared to either an ophthalmic B-scan ultrasound, X-rays or as reported by direct visualization. The result of this study is encouraging because the 7.5MHz B-scan general body ultrasound transducer was able to help in the diagnosis of intraocular diseases and intraocular foreign bodies especially when the posterior pole was not visible.
Human ; ECHOGRAPHY ; EYE ; OPHTHALMOLOGY ; OPHTHALMOSCOPY ; ULTRASONOGRAPHY

Objective The main objective of this study is to determine the agreement between the clinical staging of diabetic retinopathy (DR) with fluorescein angiography (FA) staging in an actual clinic.
Diabetic Retinopathy ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Ophthalmoscopy ; Diabetes Mellitus

PURPOSE: To determine the concentration at which a mixed injection of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and C3F8 gas is toxic, we studied the histopathological changes in the rabbit retina. METHODS: Only tPA was injected into the right vitreous cavities of 18 normal pigmented rabbits at doses of 25 micro gram/0.1mL, 50 micro gram/0.1mL, and 100 micro gram/0.1mL, 6 rabbits per dosage. In the same rabbits, tPA and C3F8 (0.2cc) were simultaneously injected into the left vitreous cavities at doses of 25 micro gram/0.1mL, 50 micro gram/0.1mL, and 100 micro gram/0.1mL. All of the eyes were examined by slit lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy at 5, 10, and 15 days after the injection, and then they were enucleated for histopathological evaluation. RESULTS: Retinal pigmentary alterations were centered around the injection site 3 days postoperatively in the eyes receiving doses of 50 micro gram/0.1mL or greater. On light microscopy(LM), the involved areas showed vacuolization in the photoreceptor elements and the inner nuclear layer(INL) at a dose of 25 micro gram/0.1mL at postoperative 5 days and the vacuolar changes disappeared at postoperative 15 days. But at doses of 50 micro gram/0.1mL or greater, loss, contracture, and vacuolization of the photoreceptor outer segment (POS) and vacuolization of INL were noted at postoperative 15 days. On LM, at a dose of 25 micro gram/0.1mL, the involved areas showed vacuolization in POS and mitochondrial swelling of the photoreceptor inner segment (PIS) at postoperative 5 days. The mitochondrial swelling of PIS disappeared at postoperative 15 days. However, at doses of 50 micro gram/0.1mL or greater, loss and contracture of POS and mitochondrial swelling of PIS were noted at postoperative 15 days. The retinal damage from simultaneous injection of tPA and C3F8 at doses of 25, and 50 micro gram/0.1mL was equal to or less than that of only tPA injection, whereas at a doses of 100 micro gram/0.1mL the damage was greater. CONCLUSIONS: At doses of 50 micro gram/0.1mL or greater, irreVersible retinal toxicity was noted histopathologically in rabbit eyes. At doses of 25, and 50 micro gram/0.1mL, the degree of retianl damage did not seem to be affected by whether C3F8 was injected concomitantly or not.
Contracture ; Mitochondrial Swelling ; Ophthalmoscopy ; Rabbits ; Retina ; Retinaldehyde ; Tissue Plasminogen Activator*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between the optic disc measurements generated by TopSS(TM) and by OCT. METHODS: Sixty-two eyes of 34 patients, 52 non-glaucomatous and 10 glaucomatous eyes, were scanned with TopSS(TM) and OCT 3000(TM). The margin of optic disc were defined automatically in OCT 3000(TM). The relationship between the optic disc variables- disc area (DA), cup area (CA), neuroretinal rim area (NRRA), and cup-disc area ratio (CDAR)- from TopSS(TM) and OCT was evaluated and the relationship between these and the tilt of disc was assessed. The horizontal (HD) and vertical diameter (VD) of the disc were measured from TopSS(TM) and OCT , then the ratio (HD/VD) were compared. RESULTS: In non-glaucomatous eyes with tilt more than 4 degrees, OCT measured DA and NRRA larger, and CDAR smaller than those measured by TopSS(TM), but the CA showed no difference. In non-glaucomatous eyes with tilt less than 4 degrees, there were no significant differences between OCT and TopSS(TM). In glaucomatous eyes, the CA measured by OCT was greater than that measured by TopSS(TM) (p=0.013). The HD/VD measured by TopSS(TM) showed no difference from HD/VD measured by OCT (p=0.849), and significant difference from HD/VD measured by OCT in eyes with tilted more than 4 degrees (p=0.003). In glaucomatous eyes, HD/VD measured by TopSS(TM) showed difference from HD/VD measured by OCT (p=0.022). CONCLUSIONS: Although measurement of disc in TopSS(TM) and OCT are correlated, the discrepancy becomes prominent in eyes with tilted disc or in glaucomatous eyes. Therefore optic disc analysis by OCT needs to be interpreted cautiously in tilted disc and in glaucomatous eyes.
Humans ; Ophthalmoscopy* ; Optic Disk* ; Optic Nerve* ; Tomography, Optical Coherence*

All physicans regard the fundus as an important guide to prognosis in the systemic disease which permits the retinal changes, especially hypertension. There are fallacies in the ophthalmoscopic examination of as essing arteriolar calibre by the arteriovenous ratio. The selection of comparable vessels by ophthalmoscopy for the estimation of the arteriovenous ratioshould be fully appreciated, and no other reference base is available unless measurments are made on retinal photographs or by means of an ophthalmoscope fitted with a special graticule. Studies were made by a random selection of 30 normal persons (60 fundi) in 2nd decades. This series of fundus color photographs incorporated a field extending to 3-5 disc diameters from the disc margin. This paper is a series on the retinal vessels which was concerned with the arteriovenous comparable pairing and its ratio. The results were: 1. Total comparable pairs ware 142 pairs in the 60 fundi. 2. In the 60 fundi comparable pairs were found in 50, and in 118 out of 240 quadrants(48 percent). 3. Comparable pairs were found more frequently in the temporal half of fundi. 4. The mean A/V ratio was 0.703.
Humans ; Hypertension ; Ophthalmoscopes ; Ophthalmoscopy ; Prognosis ; Retinal Vessels ; Retinaldehyde*

All physicans regard the fundus as an important guide to prognosis in the systemic disease which permits the retinal changes, especially hypertension. There are fallacies in the ophthalmoscopic examination of as essing arteriolar calibre by the arteriovenous ratio. The selection of comparable vessels by ophthalmoscopy for the estimation of the arteriovenous ratioshould be fully appreciated, and no other reference base is available unless measurments are made on retinal photographs or by means of an ophthalmoscope fitted with a special graticule. Studies were made by a random selection of 30 normal persons (60 fundi) in 2nd decades. This series of fundus color photographs incorporated a field extending to 3-5 disc diameters from the disc margin. This paper is a series on the retinal vessels which was concerned with the arteriovenous comparable pairing and its ratio. The results were: 1. Total comparable pairs ware 142 pairs in the 60 fundi. 2. In the 60 fundi comparable pairs were found in 50, and in 118 out of 240 quadrants(48 percent). 3. Comparable pairs were found more frequently in the temporal half of fundi. 4. The mean A/V ratio was 0.703.
Humans ; Hypertension ; Ophthalmoscopes ; Ophthalmoscopy ; Prognosis ; Retinal Vessels ; Retinaldehyde*