PURPOSE: Achilles tendon injury is one of the most common sports-related injuries. Several studies suggest that Achilles tendon injury is associated with seasonal variation. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between seasonal variations and Achilles tendon injury through Google Trends (GT) and to evaluate the correlation between GT and actual data.METHODS: We identified three articles through PubMed database as control group. The experimental group (GT group) was collected from GT by setting the same conditions as the control group. For GT group, we use the search terms related to the Achilles tendon injury. The exploration period was set from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2018.RESULTS: There is approximately more than 90% (p<0.05) correlation between GT group and control group. The incidences of Ontario were the highest in the summer. Those of New York and Vancouver were higher in spring compared to those of Ontario.CONCLUSION: Our study implies that there is significant seasonal variation for Achilles tendon injury. Most of these injuries seem to occur in spring and summer. Also, there is a significant relationship between GT data and actual data. If the data from GT can be analyzed properly, these approach methods will be useful for epidemiological research.
Achilles Tendon ; Incidence ; Ontario ; Seasons

Ontario, Canada) optical tracking system in two cases. The first case was to apply the transformation matrix at pre- and postoperative situations, and the second case was to apply an affine transformation only after the postoperative situation. In each situation, the predictive measuring value was changed to the final measuring value via an affine transformation algorithm and the expected coordinates calculated from the model were compared with those of the patient in the operation room.RESULTS: The mean measuring error was 1.027+/-0.587 using the affine transformation at pre- and postoperative situations and the average value after the postoperative situation was 0.928+/-0.549. The farther a coordinate region was from the reference coordinates which constitutes the transform matrixes, the bigger the measuring error was found which was calculated from an affine transformation algorithm.CONCLUSION: Most difference errors were brought from mainly measuring process and lack of reproducibility, the affine transformation algorithm formula from postoperative measuring values by using of optic tracking system between those of model surgery and those of patient surgery can be selected as minimizing the difference error. To reduce coordinate calculation errors, minimum transformation matrices must be used and reference points which determine an affine transformation must be close to the area where coordinates are measured and calculated, as well as the reference points need to be scattered.]]>
Humans ; Ontario ; Orthognathic Surgery ; Splints ; Track and Field

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis(OA) of the knee represents a common chronic disease, especially in the elderly, leading to functional impairment and disability. And OA patients have depressive symptoms frequently. Several factors contribute to the level of depressive symptoms. Authors tried to assess these factors and show effect of these factors to depressive symptoms. Through this study in the future physicians must consider psychiatric problems besides the pain itself in the treatment of OA patients. METHODS: Subjects included in this study were 64 knee joint OA patients. We obtained depressive symptoms from the CES-D(The Korean version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale), level of pain, stiffness, functional disability from KWOMAC(WOMAC Korean Version 2, The Korean version of Western Ontario and Macmaster Osteoarthritis Index Score) and other factors able to contribute to depressive symptoms. RESULT: We divided the patients into two groups using CES-D cut-off score of 21. Each group consists of 46(CES-D<21) and 18(CES-D> or =21) patients. Frequency of sleep disturbance and pain consistency and level of pain, stiffness and functional disability were different significantly between two groups(p<0.0l). Through the correlation analysis level of pain, stiffness and functional disability were associated with CES-D score significantly(p<0.0l). And through the stepwise multiple regression analysis we demonstratred that the CES-D score influenced by level of functional disability, BMI, disease duration and, pain but only level of functional disability and BML were statistically significant(p<0.0l). Level of functional disability explained 46% of CES-D score(partial R2=0.46) so influenced on depressive symptoms most effectively. CONCLUSION: This study suggested that functional disability was most important factors to explain depressive symptoms of knee joint OA patients.
Aged ; Chronic Disease ; Depression ; Humans ; Knee Joint* ; Knee* ; Ontario ; Osteoarthritis*

PURPOSE: To analyze minimum 2-year clinical and radiological follow-up results of primary total knee replacement arthroplasty (TKRA) with metal block augmentation for tibial bony defect. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 67 cases (52 patients) of primary TKRA with metal block augmentation for tibial bony defects from March 1999 and March 2008. Clinical results were evaluated using the Knee Society clinical rating system and the Western Ontario and McMaster University (WOMAC) score. Radiologic results were evaluated using the Knee Society roentgenographic evaluation system. RESULTS: The mean knee score and function score improved from 42.0 and 45.6 preoperatively to 94.5 and 85.4 postoperatively. At last follow-up, the mean WOMAC score was 16.8. The incidence of radiolucent lines was 10% (7 cases) during the follow-up period, but there was no case of progression. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups divided according to the block size (below 5 mm and over 8 mm) and between the stem and no-stem groups for all parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Primary TKRA with a metal block produced satisfactory results for the minimum 2-year follow-up and can be considered as a simple and effective method for the treatment of tibial bony defect in primary TKRA.
Arthroplasty ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee ; Follow-Up Studies ; Incidence ; Knee ; Ontario

PURPOSE: To identify the effect of knee joint traction therapy on pain, physical function, and depression in patients with degenerative arthritis.METHODS: In total, 30 patients with degenerative arthritis were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the experimental group, who underwent knee joint traction therapy, and the control group, who underwent general physical therapy (15 patients per group). Pain was measured using the visual analogue scale (VAS), physical function was measured using the Western ontario and McMaster universities osteoarthritis (WOMAC) index, and depression was measured using the Beck depression inventory (BDI). The VAS, WOMAC score, and BDI score were recorded before and after the 4-week treatment.RESULTS: As a result of comparison within groups, the experimental and control group showed significant difference for VAS, WOMAC and BDI after the experiment (p<0.05). In comparison between the two groups, the experimental group in which knee joint traction was applied showed more significant change in VAS, WOMAC and BDI than the control group (p<0.05).CONCLUSION: This study showed that knee joint traction therapy was effective in improving pain, physical function, and depression in patients with degenerative arthritis.
Depression ; Humans ; Knee Joint ; Knee ; Ontario ; Osteoarthritis ; Traction

OBJECTIVE: To determine the therapeutic effect of paratendinous injection of aprotinin, a polyvalent inhibitor of inflammatory proteolytic enzyme, in patients with shoulder tendinitis. METHOD: Thirty patients with shoulder tendinitis diagnosed with ultrasonography were included. Patients were assigned to one of two groups at random to receive paratendinous injection. One group received a paratendinous aprotinin 1.5 ml and 1% lidocaine 2 ml injection of shoulder2~5 times at 1 week apart. The other group received a paratendinous injection one time with mixture of triamcinolone 40 mg and 1% lidocaine 2.5 ml. The effect of treatment was assessed with the visual analogue scale (VAS), and the patients' life activities were assessed with the Western Ontario rotator cuff(WORC) index. RESULTS: The VAS of the two groups showed improvement at 1 week (aprotinin group: 2.9+/-0.7, triamcinolone group: 3.7+/-1.2) and 4 weeks (aprotinin group: 2.1+/-1.0, triamcinolone group: 2.4+/-1.0) after injection compared with pre- injection status (aprotinin group: 8.6+/-1.3, triamcinolone group: 8.2+/-1.3)(p<0.01) and the WORC index of the two groups showed improvement at 1 week (aprotinin group: 36.5+/-7.8, triamcinolone group: 53.2+/-12.3) and 4 weeks (aprotinin group: 33.4+/-6.2, triamcinolone group: 31.4+/-8.8) after injection compared with pre-injection status (aprotinin group: 116.2+/-29.1, triamcinolone group: 123.5+/-37.0)(p< 0.01). There was no significant difference in the improvement of the VAS scores and WORC index between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The short term effect of paratendinous aprotinin injection in patients with shoulder tendinitis was as good as triamcinolone injection, although more frequent injection was necessary.
Aprotinin ; Humans ; Lidocaine ; Ontario ; Rotator Cuff ; Shoulder ; Tendinopathy ; Triamcinolone

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of lateral heel and sole wedges on osteoarthritis of knees. METHOD: Sixty patients with knee osteoarthritis were enrolled and divided into the control (n=30) and wedge (n=30) groups. The control group received only conventional therapy for 5 weeks, while the wedge group took lateral wedges with 4 mm height in additional to the same conventional therapy. Intensity of pain and funtional activity were assessed by Western Ontario and Mac-Master Universities Osteoarthritis index (WOMAC index) and Lequesne s index. Scanogram was measured to assess femorotibial anglechange. WOMAC index, Lequesne's index and scanogram were measured before and 6 months after the therapy. RESULTS: For the wedge group, WOMAC index and Lequesne's index were significantly lower at the six month follow up compared to the initial indices (p<0.05). The femorotibial angle showed no significant change in both groups. CONCLUSION: Lateral heel and sole wedges can be used as an effective therapeutic modality for long term management of knee osteoarthritis in combination with conventional therapy.
Follow-Up Studies ; Heel* ; Humans ; Ontario ; Osteoarthritis* ; Osteoarthritis, Knee*

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship nursing personal and workplace system factors (work disability) and work ability index scores in Ontario, Canada. METHODS: A total of 111 registered nurses were randomly selected from the total number of registered nurses on staff in the labor, delivery, recovery, and postpartum areas of four northeastern Ontario hospitals. Using a stratified random design approach, 51 participants were randomly selected in four northeastern Ontario cities. RESULTS: A total of 51 (45.9% response rate) online questionnaires were returned and another 60 (54.1% response rate) were completed using the paper format. The obstetric workforce in northeastern Ontario was predominately female (94.6%) with a mean age of 41.9 (standard deviation = 10.2). In the personal systems model, three variables: marital status (p = 0.025), respondent ethnicity (p = 0.026), and mean number of patients per shift (p = 0.049) were significantly contributed to the variance in work ability scores. In the workplace system model, job and career satisfaction (p = 0.026) had a positive influence on work ability scores, while work absenteeism (p = 0.023) demonstrated an inverse relationship with work ability scores. In the combined model, all the predictors were significantly related to work ability scores. CONCLUSION: Work ability is closely related to job and career satisfaction, and perceived control at work among obstetric nursing. In order to improve work ability, nurses need to work in environments that support them and allow them to be engaged in the decision-making processes.
Absenteeism ; Canada* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Female ; Humans ; Marital Status ; Nursing ; Obstetric Nursing ; Obstetrics ; Ontario* ; Postpartum Period

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQOL), to evaluate the relationship between HRQOL, and various factors in Korean patients with osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: The HRQOL and clinical and laboratory parameters were assessed by Short Form Health Survey-36 (SF-36), EuroQol5 Dimensions (EQ-5D), time trade off (TTO) and standard gamble (SG) using computer software, Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D), social support, self-efficacy scale, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC), functional class, and radiological grading, respectively, in 103 outpatients with OA. And the data of the SF-36 and EQ-5D in OA patients were compared with those in 228 healthy controls. RESULTS: Of the 103 subjects, 99 (96.1%) were women with a mean age of 61.1?6.7 years. The mean year of disease duration was 9.44+/-7.44. The mean scores of SF-36 global, mental component summary (MCS) and physical component summary (PCS) were 51.5?20.6, 61.6?26.6 and 47.1?24.1, respectively. The mean EQ-5D utility and visual analog scale (VAS) scores were 0.56+/-0.26 and 60.0+/-17.3, respectively. The mean scores of the TTO and SG were 0.74+/-0.22 and 0.60+/-0.31, respectively. The mean scores of CES-D, self-efficacy scale, social support and social network were 9.52+/-5.67, 60.6+/-16.0, 2.32+/-0.22, and 2.01+/-0.66, respectively. The mean scores of WOMAC pain, stiffness and function were 28.8+/-15.4, 6.08+/-3.79, and 2.17+/-1.92, respectively. In the correlations analysis among health-related quality of life and other variables, the cores of KWOMAC, CES-D, and self-efficacy showed the good correlation with the scores of SF-36 and EQ-5D. In multivariate models, the statistically significant variables of SF-36 global and PCS were KWOMAC, and the statistically significant variables of SF-36 MCS were marital status and KWOMAC. CONCLUSION: This study shows that HRQOL in Korean patients with osteoarthritis is significantly lower than healthy control. Among the variables, only the WOMAC was significantly correlated with HRQOL. Therefore, the efforts to improve HRQOL should be focused on controlling the disease activity and on improving the functional state.
Depression ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Marital Status ; Ontario ; Osteoarthritis* ; Outpatients ; Quality of Life* ; Visual Analog Scale

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to test if adjuvant hydrotherapy with viscosupplement is beneficial on management of pain, stiffness, function, and mental relaxation in knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: Nineteen patients with OA were randomly assigned to hydrotherapy or control groups. All patients received viscosupplement injections once a week for 3 weeks. Hydrotherapy group (n=9) had a spa containing green tea, 3 days a week for 2 weeks. The control group (n=10) received only injections. All patients were assessed at baseline and after the third injection. All were assessed for pain (visual analog scale, VAS), pain severity, and functional status (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index, WOMAC), emotional status, quality of life (Euro quality of life health-related quality of life inventory five dimension, EQ-5D), and relative spectral power of alpha waves in electroencephalography (EEG). RESULTS: Both groups reported a statistically significant reduction of pain at the end of treatment and detailed assessment of pain, and function in WOMAC and the relative power of alpha in electroencephalogram showed statistical significant difference only in the hydrotherapy group. However, there were no significant intergroup differences, except for VAS score. CONCLUSION: Adjuvant 2-week hydrotherapy to viscosupplement might have a modest role in the management of pain and functional disability and the mental relaxation in patients with knee OA. Larger, randomized controlled trials with intervention of long term period to determine efficacy in treating knee OA are warranted.
Electroencephalography ; Humans ; Hydrotherapy* ; Knee ; Ontario ; Osteoarthritis ; Osteoarthritis, Knee* ; Quality of Life ; Relaxation* ; Tea ; Viscosupplements