Background: Due to their limited ability to perceive dangerous situation fully and their inability to react quickly, children are prone to become invalid or even death caused by trauma and/or injury. World Health Organization reports from previous years suggest that illness and death caused by trauma/injury are on steady increase. NTORC records from 2008 indicate that 81.9% of patients aged 0-4 were burned and 15.4% were injured from fall.Goal: The main goal is to study illness and death caused by trauma/injury among children aged 0-5.Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis was conducted in statistic records of NTORC. Real numbers of illness and death in outpatient, hospitalization were collected and analyzed in SPSS 17.0.Results: Results were introduced in following 2 groups. One. Results of analysis on trauma/injury among children aged 0-5 in outpatient clinic of NTORC: There were 25486 patients aged 0-5 in 2006-2010 totally. Of them, 58% (14790) were male and 42% (10696) were female children. Majority of patients were children aged 1 -2 (45.8%, 11668) and there were no difference in sex in this age group. The most common cause of trauma/illness among children aged 0-5 was burn from heat and chemicals (T20-T25, T26-T28, T29-T32), 2nd most was head injury (S00-S09). Additionally, most of the cases were registered in winter time in 2006, but this difference in season was disappeared in 2007¬2010 records. Two. Results of analysis on hospitalized children aged 0-5: 6393 children received hospitalization between 2006 and 2010. 51.7% (3307) of them were female children. Children aged 0-5 who were hospitalized due to trauma/injury were increased to 25.7% in 2010. Most of the children who received health care because trauma/injury was children aged 0-1 (55.2%, 3526). In source of hospitalization of children aged 0-5, burn from heat and chemicals (T20-T25, T26-T28, T29-T32) was placed first and birth defects, anomaly and chromosomal defects (Q00-Q99) were placed second. From the last 5 years of data, we could see that increase of hospitalization due to burn among male children (47.3%, 1461). Although there are records of burn from heat and chemicals in every month, there are slight increases of cases in May, June and October.Conclusion: Cases of trauma/injury among children aged 0-5 were increased as shown by statistical records of NTORC in 2006-2010. Of all kinds of trauma and injuries, majority of cases were caused by burn from heat and chemicals as indicated from statistical records of outpatient clinic and hospitalization.Recommendation and suggestion:1. Observe trauma/injury among children aged 0-5, particularly burn from heat and chemicals.2. Train statisticians and public health professionals from provinces and soums in methodology of surveillance and research.3. Improve understanding on health effects of burn in children among public, particularly health care workers.4. Organize public health interventions in view of seasonality of some trauma/injury among children aged 0-5.