No abstract available.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Diagnosis*

Concerning the principal individual medical financing responsibility,Singapore provided well medical insurance for low-income groups through the general shared medical subsidy system and the medical assistance system based on income examination.Based on the whole framework of medical insurance system,it analyzed the structure and main content of the all-dimension and multi-tiered medical assistance system in Singapore.It provided references for the medical assistance development in China,including rationally define the scope of medical assistance,respond the outpatient demand and adjust the ageing social development;implementing designated medical institutions treatment systems,especial for primary institutions:introducing social forces during the management of medical assistance.

Embryonic stem cells(ESCs)are pluripotential cells,and they can be induced to differentiate into bone cells,cartilage cells,muscle cells,blood vessels and neurogenesis cells.In addition,ESCs are able to participate in the regeneration of ocular surface.At present,many research groups,domestic and abroad,have reported that ESCs can not only differentiate into corneal epithelium-like cells,but also play an important role in the repair of corneal epithelium.However,other unsolved problems in ESCs-related corneal tissue engineering are being concerned,such as the molecular biologic mechanism underlying the directional differentiation from ESCs to corneal cells,and the potential tumorigenicity with grafting of transformed or undifferentiated ESCs.The purpose of this review was to provide a summary of research progress in the differentiation of ESCs into corneal epithelial cells.

Higher occupational education of medicine is an important way of training qualified personnel of medicine,especially medical technicians.The principles we should bear in mind in teaching process are: correct orientation of this education,clear training objectives,a shift of educational concept based on its characteristics and abidance of the guiding ideology of ability-orientation.

Objective To establish a high performance liquid chromato-graphic method for determining the concentration of baicalin in healthy volunteers.Methods The assay was conducted on the Agilent HC-C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm,5 μm)column with methanol-acetonitrile-phosphoric acid (47 ∶ 53∶0.2)as the mobile phase.The detection wave length was set at 280 nm,and wogonin was taken as the internal standard.Results The linearity range was 0.25～ 12.0 μg/ml with a regressive equation of Y=0.0094 C-0.00175 (r=0.9997).The recovery was above 80％,with both intra-day RSD and inter-day RSD below 10％.Conclusion The method was convenient,rapid,accurate,and suitable for the pharmacokinetic study of baicalin and monitoring its concentration of clinical application.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common defect in human.The genetic basis of CHD is rather complicated.Chromosome aberrations,single gene disorders and polygenic disorders are three known genetic mechanisms that are responsible for cardiac malformations.Recently,with the application and development of molecular genetic approaches in CHD,significant advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of cardiac malformations are being made.

Pulmonary embolism or pulmonary vein thrombosis is rare in children but does occur.Compare to adults,the vast majority of children with PE have risk factors.The clinical manifestation includes shortness of breath,pleuritic chest pain,and hemoptysis,however,which are not specific.The majority of evidence for treatments in the pediatric population is extrapolated from adult populations; the choice of treatment should be guided by risks and benefits,underlying disease,and especially,the hemodynamic stability of the patient.This article reviews the current knowledge of pulmonary embolism and pulmonary vein thrombosis in the pediatric population,summarizing its characteristics from epidemiological aspects to diagnostic and therapeutic relevant issues.

Objective To study the impacts of health insurance schemes on the equity of health services access and the financial protection for disease risk exposure of the elderly population.Methods The descriptive statistics method and econometrics models.Results Full coverage of the health insurance fails to eliminate the inequity in health services access.For example,the two-week clinical visit rate and hospitalization rate of the high-income group are 1.57 and 1.21 times higher than those of the low-income group;the disease risk economic protection function of the health insurance falls below requirement,as the out-of-pocket ratio is as high as 30%~40%;the security for urban workers is far better than urban residents,as the utilization level of outpatient service and hospitalization service of senior workers are 1.18 and 1.33 times that of senior urban residents respectively.Conclusion Despite the full population coverage of health insurance schemes,it is a long way to go before the goal of universal health coverage. Future reforms should aim at filling the financial gaps between different health insurance schemes.

BACKGROUND:Studies have shown that fiber post is superior to cast metal post in the restoration of large-area dental defects, in prognostic terms of post and core crown off, post and core breakage, root fracture. OBJECTIVE:To explore the application value of glass fiber post and cast metal post in restoration of tooth defects. METHODS:Totaly 100 patients with dental defects (150 teeth; 51 males and 48 females) were selected and randomly divided into observation group (50 cases, 70 teeth) and control group (50 cases, 80 teeth). Al of the patients were treated with glass fiber post and metal post repair. After repair, al the patients were folowed up for 1-3 years. The repair effect of the two groups were observed and compared in terms of integrity, color matching, marginal fit, periodontal pocket depth, alkaline phosphatase activity and post and core crown damage. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:After 1 year of repair, the observation group was better than the control group in aspects of marginal fit and color matching (P < 0.05); after 1-3 years, the alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly lower in the observation group than the control group (P < 0.05), and there was no difference in the periodontal probing depth between the two groups; while the observation group exhibited higher successful rate than the control group (P < 0.05). The results show that compared with the cast metal post, glass fiber post is better for restoration of tooth defects, exhibiting better restoration effect and long-term success rate, which is conducive to the maintenance of periodontal health.

Through observation on changes of inflammatory mediators and hemorrheology among chronic prostatitis patients before and after treatment, this study was aimed to compare the therapeutic differences between the applications of standard retention enema ofQu-Yu Tong-Bi (QYTB) decoction andα-blockers combined with quinolones. During the same period, 164 patients of the Henan Province of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital were randomly divided into the observation group and control group, with 62 cases in each group. Retention enema of QYTB decoction was given in the observation group; andα-blockers combined with quinolones were used in the control group. The treatment course was one month. And the differences were compared. The results showed that the total effective rate of the observation group was 79.03% (49 cases); and that of the control group was 61.29%(39 cases). There was statistical significance between two groups (P < 0.05). There was statistical significance on TNF-α, IFN-γ and NIH-CPSI score comparison before and after treatment of two groups (P < 0.05). Compared to the control group, the posttreatment TNF-α, IFN-γ and NIH-CPSI score in the observation group had significant difference (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences on the whole blood viscosity (high shear), plasma viscosity and erythrocyte deposited test value contrast between pretreatment and posttreatment in the control group. There were significant differences on the whole blood viscosity (high shear) and plasma viscosity between pretreatment and posttreatment in the observation group (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant differences on erythrocyte deposited test value contrast. It was concluded that both methods had certain therapeutic effect in the treatment of chronic prostatitis. However, the effect of retention enema of QYTB decoction was better than the treatment of quinolones combined withα-blockers.