No abstract available.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Diagnosis*

Higher occupational education of medicine is an important way of training qualified personnel of medicine,especially medical technicians.The principles we should bear in mind in teaching process are: correct orientation of this education,clear training objectives,a shift of educational concept based on its characteristics and abidance of the guiding ideology of ability-orientation.

Embryonic stem cells(ESCs)are pluripotential cells,and they can be induced to differentiate into bone cells,cartilage cells,muscle cells,blood vessels and neurogenesis cells.In addition,ESCs are able to participate in the regeneration of ocular surface.At present,many research groups,domestic and abroad,have reported that ESCs can not only differentiate into corneal epithelium-like cells,but also play an important role in the repair of corneal epithelium.However,other unsolved problems in ESCs-related corneal tissue engineering are being concerned,such as the molecular biologic mechanism underlying the directional differentiation from ESCs to corneal cells,and the potential tumorigenicity with grafting of transformed or undifferentiated ESCs.The purpose of this review was to provide a summary of research progress in the differentiation of ESCs into corneal epithelial cells.

Concerning the principal individual medical financing responsibility,Singapore provided well medical insurance for low-income groups through the general shared medical subsidy system and the medical assistance system based on income examination.Based on the whole framework of medical insurance system,it analyzed the structure and main content of the all-dimension and multi-tiered medical assistance system in Singapore.It provided references for the medical assistance development in China,including rationally define the scope of medical assistance,respond the outpatient demand and adjust the ageing social development;implementing designated medical institutions treatment systems,especial for primary institutions:introducing social forces during the management of medical assistance.

After injecting the posterior pituitery of the albino rats with cholera-toxinconjugated HRP,retrogradely labeled neurons were found in the area of the bednuclei of the stria terminalis (BST),which were then analyzed,based on therecent cytoarchitectonical study of the BST.In the anterior subdivision of the BSTdendrites could be seen in the parastrial nucleus with a few labeled cells surround-ing it;cells of the magnocellular nucleus were found scattered in the subdivision;some labeled cells were also identified in the ventral nucleus.Surrounding the dor-sal half of the posterior division of the BST there were several fairly distinct labe-led cell groups,viz.,the anterior fornical nucleus,medial and lateral dorsal accessorygroups,and the subinterventricular group.Though these cell groups are contiguouswith the BST,they do not seem to belong to the BST itself,but their dendritesoften extend into the posterior division of the BST,thus sharing some commonafferents with the latter.A few less constant cells were sometimes seen scattered invarious parts of the BST.

Horseradish peroxidase was injected into C_(6,7) or L_(5,6) spinal cord in 21 adult cats and the morphology and distribution of the labeled cells in the dorsal columu nuclei (DCN) were studied. Cells projecting to the cervical cord were found to be distributed mainly in a region from 2.5mm below to 0.5mm above the obex, while cells projecting to the lumbar cord were found within 2.5mm below the obex. Medio-Iaterally, the cervical projecting cells were located chiefly at the junctional area between the gracile and medial cuneate nuclei and at the ventromedial part of the latter. The lumbar projection cells were located more medially, concentrating at the junctional area and the ventrolateral part of the gracile nucleus. In both cases scattered cells were found in the two dorsal column nuclei. The difference in cellular distribution between cervical and lumbar injection cases is consistent with a somatotopical organization.The labeled cells in the dorsal column nuclei varied in shape and size. Small cells, mostly fusiform, were concentrated at the junctional area between the gracile and medial cuneate nuclei. Large cells were found scattered in the two nuclei. Many of them were triangular or multipolar with long and straight dendrites. A few were round and their dendrites bushy.

HRP was injected into the cervical or lumbar spinal cord in 8 adult cats. The anterogradely labeled terminal arborization and its relation with the retrogradely labeled cells in the DCN were studied.The non-primary afferent fibers were distributed diffusely in the DCN. Injection of HRP in one spinal segment, either cervical or lumbar, resulted in labeling of terminal branches throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the DCN. In C6 or C7 injection cases large amount of labeled terminal branches were found in the medial cuneate nucleus, chiefly in its extraclusteral regions, viz. in the rostral part and in the ventral area of the caudal two thirds of the nucleus. A small celled area at the dorsolateral brim of the middle part of the medial cuneate nucleus was found to approach and to be contiguous with the external cuneate nucleus at higher level. This area was likewise densely labeled. Labeled terminal branches were also found in the gracile nucleus in lesser amount.After L5 or L6 injections the labeled terminals were much less in amount than in cervical injection cases. They were distributed mainly in the gracile nucleus. In the lower part of the nucleus the labeled terminals were found in its dorsal, medial, and ventrar areas. In the upper part of the nucleus they projected diffusely. A slight degree of labeling was also found in the ventromedial angle of the medial cuneate nucleus.The areas of distribution of the labeled terminals and labeled cells overlapped but did not coincide with eachother. No or merely a few labeled terminals were found around some of the labeled cells, while other cells were located right in the center of heaviest terminal labeling with abundant terminal branches surrounding their somata and dendrites. This proved that the non-primary afferent fibers of the DCN might form monosynaptic feed-back loop with the DGN-spinal cells.

HRP was injected into the cervical or lumbar spinal cord in 8 cats and the spinobrainstem projections were traced with the anterograde HRP technique. The labeled terminal branches were found most densely concentrated in the ipsilateral dorsal column nuclei and lateral reticular nucleus, the contralateral medial and dorsal accessory olivary nuclei and the bilateral pontobulbar bodies and dorsolateral part of pontine nuclei. In the reticular formation and a number of brainstem nuclei labeled terminals were also found to varying degrees. The most remote site found labeled was the hypothalamus.It was also found that the dorsal accessory olivary nucleus could be further subdivided into a caudal and an oral part, cells in the caudal part being smaller than that in the oral one.In the accessory olivary nuclei labeled terminal branches were more numerous in lumbar injection cases. Clearcut somatotopical localization was demonstrated in the oral part of the dorsal accessory olivary nucleus.In the lateral reticular nucleus the subnucleus magonocellularis and the lateral wing of the subnucleus parvocellularis were the major sites of labeling and the labeling in cervical injection cases greatly out numbered that in lumbar injections.The cervical and lumbar injections were equal in their amount of projection to the pontobulbar bodies and the dorso-lateral part of the pontine nuclei.The distribution of spinal afferents in the inferior olivary nucleus, the lateral reticular nucleus, the pontobulbar body and the pontine nucleus was discussed.

Through observation on changes of inflammatory mediators and hemorrheology among chronic prostatitis patients before and after treatment, this study was aimed to compare the therapeutic differences between the applications of standard retention enema ofQu-Yu Tong-Bi (QYTB) decoction andα-blockers combined with quinolones. During the same period, 164 patients of the Henan Province of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital were randomly divided into the observation group and control group, with 62 cases in each group. Retention enema of QYTB decoction was given in the observation group; andα-blockers combined with quinolones were used in the control group. The treatment course was one month. And the differences were compared. The results showed that the total effective rate of the observation group was 79.03% (49 cases); and that of the control group was 61.29%(39 cases). There was statistical significance between two groups (P < 0.05). There was statistical significance on TNF-α, IFN-γ and NIH-CPSI score comparison before and after treatment of two groups (P < 0.05). Compared to the control group, the posttreatment TNF-α, IFN-γ and NIH-CPSI score in the observation group had significant difference (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences on the whole blood viscosity (high shear), plasma viscosity and erythrocyte deposited test value contrast between pretreatment and posttreatment in the control group. There were significant differences on the whole blood viscosity (high shear) and plasma viscosity between pretreatment and posttreatment in the observation group (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant differences on erythrocyte deposited test value contrast. It was concluded that both methods had certain therapeutic effect in the treatment of chronic prostatitis. However, the effect of retention enema of QYTB decoction was better than the treatment of quinolones combined withα-blockers.

Pulmonary embolism or pulmonary vein thrombosis is rare in children but does occur.Compare to adults,the vast majority of children with PE have risk factors.The clinical manifestation includes shortness of breath,pleuritic chest pain,and hemoptysis,however,which are not specific.The majority of evidence for treatments in the pediatric population is extrapolated from adult populations; the choice of treatment should be guided by risks and benefits,underlying disease,and especially,the hemodynamic stability of the patient.This article reviews the current knowledge of pulmonary embolism and pulmonary vein thrombosis in the pediatric population,summarizing its characteristics from epidemiological aspects to diagnostic and therapeutic relevant issues.