Despite decades of intense research, malaria remains a deadly disease of the developing worlds. Drugresistance to limited available antimalarials, in part, has contributed to the persistence of this infectious disease. Likewise, the use of antimalarials such as artemisinin, though effective in global malaria control programs, is hampered by high cost and limited supply. Therefore, identification of an antimalarial drug that is easy to isolate and produce, inexpensive, and demonstrates little toxicity across a diverse population represents the ideal agent needed for global malaria control programs and eradication of this deadly disease. This review discusses several antimalarial compounds containing unique structural composition that have been isolated and characterized from plant sources. These compounds have exhibited promising antimalarial activities in vitro and in vivo. However, limitations such as toxicity, low bioavailability and/or poor solubility have probably restricted the scope of use for several plant products in humans. Nevertheless, plants provide novel leads, which can be developed into safe drugs by synthetic strategies as exemplified by artemether and quinoline class of antimalarials. Therefore, plant bioactive compounds described herein provide useful alternatives, which could be modulated to obtain antimalarials active against not only drug-sensitive, but also drug-resistant and multi-drug resistant strains of Plasmodium. In this direction, semi synthetic approaches to newer and modified antimalarials have provided useful insights into their applicability in antimalarial drug discovery.

The aim of present study was to determine the seroprevalence of Dirofilariaimmitis in dogs and cats from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Blood samples were collected by cephalicand jugular venipuncture from 294 dogs and 190 cats from Riyadh. Serum samples weretested against circulating D. immitis antigen using DiroCHEK?, SYNBIOTICS Corporation,San Diego, CA 92127, USA and anti-D. immitis antibodies using Green Spring D. immitis IgGantibody ELISA test kit, Shenzhen Lvshiyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Guangdong, China. D.immitis antigens were detected in 7.82% of the dogs and in 1.58% of the cats, while antibodiesagainst D. immitis were detected in 13.61% of the dogs and 2.11% of the cats. In outdoordogs, antigens of D. immitis were detected in 10.33% while antibodies were detected in16.85%. A significant difference in the seroprevalence of D. immitis antibodies in dogs wasreported in the summer compared to the winter (p<0.05). There was no significant differenceobserved in the seroprevalence between males and females dogs. Older dogs (3-6 years)showed higher prevalence of D. immitis antigen compared to younger dogs, in the contraryD. immitis antibody prevalence was higher in younger dogs (1-3 years) compared to olddogs. In cats, the prevalence of D. immitis antigen and antibody was high in males comparedto the females, however, the difference was not statistically significant. There was no effectfor the season and age in the prevalence of D. immitis in cats.

Delayed ejaculation (DE) is a poorly defined and uncommon form of male sexual dysfunction, characterized by a marked delay in ejaculation or an inability to achieve ejaculation. It is often quite concerning to patients and their partners, and sometimes frustrates couples' attempts to conceive. This article aims to review the pathophysiology of DE and anejaculation (AE), to explore our current understanding of the diagnosis, and to present the treatment options for this condition. Electronic databases were searched from 1966 to October 2017, including PubMed (MEDLINE) and Embase. We combined “delayed ejaculation,” “retarded ejaculation,” “inhibited ejaculation,” or “anejaculation” as Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms or keywords with “epidemiology,” “etiology,” “pathophysiology,” “clinical assessment,” “diagnosis,” or “treatment.” Relevant sexual medicine textbooks were searched as well. The literature suggests that the pathophysiology of DE/AE is multifactorial, including both organic and psychosocial factors. Despite the many publications on this condition, the exact pathogenesis is not yet known. There is currently no single gold standard for diagnosing DE/AE, as operationalized criteria do not exist. The history is the key to the diagnosis. Treatment should be cause-specific. There are many approaches to treatment planning, including various psychological interventions, pharmacotherapy, and specific treatments for infertile men. An approved form of drug therapy does not exist. A number of approaches can be employed for infertile men, including the collection of nocturnal emissions, prostatic massage, prostatic urethra catheterization, penile vibratory stimulation, probe electroejaculation, sperm retrieval by aspiration from either the vas deferens or the epididymis, and testicular sperm extraction.
Catheterization ; Catheters ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Ejaculation ; Epididymis ; Humans ; Male ; Massage ; Medical Subject Headings ; Psychology ; Sperm Retrieval ; Spermatozoa ; Urethra ; Vas Deferens

A one year study was carried out to determine the outcome of the seminal fluid parameters collected via masturbation and coitus interruptus in 151 patients who were undergoing intrauterine insemination (IUI) and patients who came for seminal analysis. There were no statistically significant differences in terms of volume, concentration, progressive motility and normal morphology from specimens collected via coitus interruptus compared to specimens collected via masturbation. Pregnancy outcomes were also comparable.

Purpose: Abdominal migraine (AM) is a very common functional gastrointestinal disorder in children. This study reports the clinical features and response of AM to prophylactic treatment in children. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted between January 2010 and December 2019 at the Royal Hospital in the Sultanate of Oman. This study included children aged ≤ 13 years with a diagnosis of AM based on the Rome IV criteria for functional diagnoses. Clinical, demographic, and treatment data were collected. Results: Seventy-four children were identified, of which 43 were eligible for inclusion in this study. The median age at the onset of symptoms was 7 years (range, 2–12 years). The most frequent symptoms were headache (81.4%), nausea (79.1%), and vomiting (72.1%).Of the total cohort, 46.5%, 23.3%, and 6.9% received riboflavin, pizotifen, and propranolol monotherapy, respectively. Combination therapy was also used; 16.3% of children received pizotifen and propranolol, 4.7% received riboflavin and pizotifen, and 2.3% received riboflavin and propranolol. Patients treated with propranolol monotherapy showed 100% clinical improvement and those treated with riboflavin or pizotifen monotherapy showed 90% clinical improvement. Response to combination therapy with pizotifen and propranolol was 71.4%, and with riboflavin and pizotifen was 100%. In addition, treatment response was significantly associated with the presence of vomiting (p=0.039). Conclusion We found a favorable response to various modalities and combination treatments with riboflavin, pizotifen, and propranolol in children with AM. In addition, the presence of vomiting may predict treatment response.

In this work, we develop a device, called ‘Walk-Even’, that can provide real-time feedback to correct gait asymmetry commonly exhibited in post-stroke survivors and persons with certain neurological disorders. The device computes gait parameters, including gait time, swing time, and stance time of each leg, to detect gait asymmetry and provide corresponding real-time biofeedback by means of auditory and electrotactile stimulation to actively correct the user's gait. The system consists of customized force-sensor-embedded insoles adjustable to fit any shoe size, electrotactile and auditory feedback circuits, microcontroller, and wireless XBee transceivers. The device also offers data saving capability. To validate its accuracy and reliability, we compared the gait measurements from our device with a commercial gait and balance assessment device, Zeno Walkway. The results show good correlation and agreement in a validity study with six healthy subjects and reliability study with seventeen healthy subjects. In addition, preliminary testing on six post-stroke patients after an 8-week training shows that the Walk-Even device helps to improve gait symmetry, foot pressure and forefoot loading of the affected side. Thus, initial testing indicates that the device is accurate in measuring the gait parameters and effective in improving gait symmetry using real-time feedback. The device is portable and low cost and has the potential for use in a non-clinical setting for patients that can walk independently without assistance. A more extensive testing with stroke patients is still ongoing.
Biofeedback, Psychology* ; Foot ; Gait* ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Leg ; Nervous System Diseases ; Rehabilitation* ; Shoes ; Stroke ; Survivors