No abstract available.
Glutathione* ; Oligodendroglia*

No abstract available.
Glycoproteins* ; Oligodendroglia* ; Rubella virus* ; Rubella*

NG2-glia are a major type of glial cells that are widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS). Under physiological conditions, they mainly differentiate into oligodendrocytes and contribute to the myelination of axons, so they are generally called oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Emerging evidence suggests that NG2-glia not only act as the precursors of oligodendrocytes but also possess many other biological properties and functions. For example, NG2-glia can form synapse with neurons and participate in energy metabolism and immune regulation. Under pathological conditions, NG2-glia can also differentiate into astrocytes, Schwann cells and even neurons, which are involved in CNS injury and repair. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the biological characteristics and functions of NG2-glia under physiological and pathological conditions will be helpful for the treatment of CNS injury and disease. This article reviews the recent advances in the biological characteristics and functions of NG2-glia.
Astrocytes ; Central Nervous System ; Neuroglia ; Neurons ; Oligodendroglia

To elucidate the neurotoxic mechanism of methylmercury on cultured bovine oligodendrocytes, neurotoxic effect was estimated by MTT assay after cultures were exposed to various concentrations of methylmercuric chloride (MMC). In addition, neuroprotective effect of antioxidant, allopurinol agonist MMC-induced neurotoxicity was examined on these cultures. Exposure of cultured bovine oligodendrocytes to MMC showed less than 50% of the cell viability 24 hours after treatment with 35µM of MMC. And also, allopurinol blocked the neurotoxicity induced by MMC on these cultures. These results suggest that oxygen radicals involve in MMC-mediated neurotoxicity, and also seletive antioxidants such as allopurinol are effective in blocking the neurotoxicity induced by MMC on cultured bovine oligodendrocytes.
Allopurinol* ; Antioxidants ; Cell Survival ; Neuroprotective Agents ; Oligodendroglia ; Reactive Oxygen Species

Oligodendrogliomas are uncommon tumors that develop from oligodendrocytes. They may be pure or associated with astrocyte proliferation. These tumors affect middle-aged adults and are characterized by their slow growth and their fairly suggestive neuroradiological features which are those of a large, calcified, poorly enhanced, peripheral frontal lesion. They are usually benign, but their clinical behavior is variable. In a retrospective study of 56 cases with pure oligodendroglioma. The 5-and 10-year survival rates were 61% and 42, respectively. The influences of the age and sex of the patient, size, location and other radiological findings, the extent of surgical resection, effect of additional radiation therapy and pathlolgical findings of the tumor were invesigated. Among the 14 prognostic factors, the location and pathological findings of the tumor significantly affected the survival rates of the patients. But, the extent of resection and additional radiation therapy were not related to survival.
Adult ; Astrocytes ; Humans ; Oligodendroglia ; Oligodendroglioma* ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate

No abstract available.
Humans* ; Myelin Basic Protein* ; Myelin Sheath* ; Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein* ; Oligodendroglia*

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a serious neurodevelopmental impairment of children. Because of its difficulty of early diagnosis, length of disease course, irreversible injury and slim chance of curability, it brings heavy burdens to patients, their families and the whole society. Recent studies have shown that the pathogenic mechanism of ASD is closely related to the abnormal myelination caused by the imbalance of differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis of oligodendroglial lineage cells. This article will review on the role of oligodendroglial lineage cells in myelination and the mechanisms of ASD caused by improper differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis of oligodendroglial lineage cells, according to advanced researches. Oligodendrocytes play vital roles in neurodevelopment, and the defect in these cells has been recognized as one of the key pathogenic mechanisms leading to ASD. Elucidating the effects and disciplines which oligodendrocytes exert on the occurrence and development of ASD would provide guidance for precise prevention and control of neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD.
Autism Spectrum Disorder/epidemiology* ; Cell Differentiation ; Humans ; Oligodendroglia

Human cortical radial glial cells are primary neural stem cells that give rise to cortical glutaminergic projection pyramidal neurons, glial cells (oligodendrocytes and astrocytes) and olfactory bulb GABAergic interneurons. One of prominent features of the human cortex is enriched with glial cells, but there are major gaps in understanding how these glial cells are generated. Herein, by integrating analysis of published human cortical single-cell RNA-Seq datasets with our immunohistochemistical analyses, we show that around gestational week 18, EGFR-expressing human cortical truncated radial glial cells (tRGs) give rise to basal multipotent intermediate progenitors (bMIPCs) that express EGFR, ASCL1, OLIG2 and OLIG1. These bMIPCs undergo several rounds of mitosis and generate cortical oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and olfactory bulb interneurons. We also characterized molecular features of the cortical tRG. Integration of our findings suggests a general picture of the lineage progression of cortical radial glial cells, a fundamental process of the developing human cerebral cortex.
Astrocytes ; Cell Differentiation ; Cerebral Cortex ; Humans ; Neuroglia ; Oligodendroglia

Glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) are composed of oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia. They contribute more than half of the total cells of the CNS, and are essential for neural development and functioning. Studies on the fate specification, differentiation, and functional diversification of glial cells mainly rely on the proper use of cell- or stage-specific molecular markers. However, as cellular markers often exhibit different specificity and sensitivity, careful consideration must be given prior to their application to avoid possible confusion. Here, we provide an updated overview of a list of well-established immunological markers for the labeling of central glia, and discuss the cell-type specificity and stage dependency of their expression.
Neuroglia/metabolism* ; Central Nervous System ; Oligodendroglia/metabolism* ; Astrocytes/metabolism* ; Microglia

Astrocytes (ASTs) and oligodendroglial lineage cells (OLGs) are major macroglial cells in the central nervous system. ASTs communicate with each other through connexin (Cx) and Cx-based network structures, both of which allow for quick transport of nutrients and signals. Moreover, ASTs interact with OLGs through connexin (Cx)-mediated networks to modulate various physiological processes in the brain. In this article, following a brief description of the infrastructural basis of the glial networks and exocrine factors by which ASTs and OLGs may crosstalk, we focus on recapitulating how the interactions between these two types of glial cells modulate myelination, and how the AST-OLG interactions are involved in protecting the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and regulating synaptogenesis and neural activity. Recent studies further suggest that AST-OLG interactions are associated with myelin-related diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. A better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying AST-OLG interactions may inspire the development of novel therapeutic strategies for related brain diseases.
Humans ; Myelin Sheath ; Astrocytes ; Oligodendroglia ; Brain ; Brain Diseases