No abstract available.
Olfactory Mucosa*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Olfactory Bulb* ; Olfactory Mucosa* ; Rats* ; Synapses*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Cadmium Poisoning* ; Cadmium* ; Olfactory Mucosa* ; Rats*

OBJECTIVETo study whether apoptosis plays a role in controlling the number of olfactory receptor neurons, so as to reveal the specialty and mystery of neurogenesis.

METHODSUsing terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-fluorescein nick end labeling (TUNEL) and transmission electron microscopy to detect apoptosis in olfactory mucosa of normal adult rats and damaged olfactory mucosa of 16, 32, 48 hours and 3, 7, 30 days after bulbectomy.

RESULTSIn normal olfactory epithelium, a subpopulation of immature neurons, as well as mature neurons, showed internucleosomal DNA-fragmentation. The number of TUNEL-labeled neurons increased dramatically 32 hours after removal of olfactory bulb. Then it declined quickly and remained at low level. Ultrastructural data of olfactory mucosa showed that the feature of apoptotic neurons was chromatin condensation and cell shrinkage. Besides, some dying cells were characterized by the formation of numerous autophagic vacuoles, and few had some of the features of necrosis but without obvious mitochondrial swelling.

CONCLUSIONSApoptosis might play a role in turnover of the olfactory epithelium and regeneration in adult rats. There might be other two types of neural death through different mechanism.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; Male ; Olfactory Bulb ; surgery ; Olfactory Mucosa ; cytology ; pathology ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons ; cytology ; Postoperative Period ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Olfactory neuroblastoma is a rare malignant tumor of the nasal cavity arising from the olfactory neuroepithelium. It usually present as a polypoid mass in the superior nasal cavity including the cribriform plate, superior turbinate, and superior portion of nasal septum. The development of olfactory neuroblastoma outside of the region, in which olfactory epithelium exists, is exceedingly rare. In this report, we present an interesting case of an isolated sphenoid sinus olfactory neuroblastoma with a brief review of the literature.
Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory ; Ethmoid Bone ; Nasal Cavity ; Nasal Septum ; Olfactory Mucosa ; Sphenoid Sinus ; Turbinates

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The vomeronasal organ of the rat is a chemosensory organ located at the nasal septum. The distribution of nitroxidergic nerve fiber in olfactory system such as olfactory bulb, accessory olfactory bulb and olfactory epithelium was well documented, but vomeronasal organ which is a component of olfactory system and the receptor structure of the accessory olfactory system was rarely reported and discorded. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution and role of nitirc oxide (NO) in the rat vomeronasal organ using NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Histochemical staining for NADPH-diaphorase in the rat vomeronasal organ was done. RESULTS: The NADPH-diaphorase positive reaction was observed in the blood vessels, nerve fibers around vessels and submucosal glands of vomeronasal organ. However, receptor area which is generally called the neuroepithelium and receptor free area were not seen. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that NADPH-diaphorase positive reaction shows tissue specific expression in the rat vomeronasal organ.
Animals ; Blood Vessels ; Nasal Septum ; Nerve Fibers ; Olfactory Bulb ; Olfactory Mucosa ; Rats* ; Vomeronasal Organ*

Olfactory neuroblastoma is a rare, malignant neoplasm arising from the olfactory epithelium. It has an aggressive biological behavior that is characterized by local recurrence, atypical distant metastasis, and poor long-term prognosis. The incidence of cervical lymph node metastasis in olfactory neuroblastoma is variable, and treatment modalities are controversial. Moreover, few reports have been published concerning retropharyngeal lymph node metastasis from olfactory neuroblastoma. We present two cases of olfactory neuroblastoma with retropharyngeal lymph node metastasis. In addition, we provided a review of the current literature regarding olfactory neuroblastoma and retropharyngeal lymph node metastasis from olfactory neuroblastoma.
Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory* ; Incidence ; Lymph Nodes* ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Olfactory Mucosa ; Prognosis ; Recurrence

Olfactory neuroblastoma is an uncommon malignant tumor(just over 300 cases have been reported in the medical literature by 1996) arising within the nasal cavity. This tumor has a neuroectodermal cell origin and is believed to specifically arise from the olfactory epithelium. The tumor was first described in the French medical literature by Berger and associates in 1924 by the name esthesioneuroepitheliome olfactif. The english version of this term is esthesioneuroblastoma, and current medical literature uses this name interchangeably with olfactory neuroblastoma. We experienced a case of olfactory neuroblastoma in the maxillary sinus. We treated this patient with tumor resection, chmotherapy and radiotherapy. And now, the patient has been following up for 2years 6month, but olfactory neuroblastoma is very rare. So we report this case with a review of literature.]]>
Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory ; Humans ; Maxillary Sinus ; Nasal Cavity ; Neural Plate ; Olfactory Mucosa ; Radiotherapy

OBJECTIVETo constitute the animal model of unilateral olfactory nerve transection and observe the expression level and distribution of odorant receptors.

METHODSThirty-two rats were divided into two groups: the olfactory nerve transection group (20) and the control group (12). The former group received the operation to transect the left olfactory nerve following the left olfactory bulb was exposed under microscope and the latter group did not give any disposal. At every stage of five days, two weeks, four weeks and six weeks after the operation, five rats from the nerve transection group and three from the control group were anaesthetized simultaneously, and olfactory epithelium were taken out after transcardial perfusion, then paraffin imbedding. Coronal sections were sliced for HE staining to observe the thickness changes of the olfactory epithelium, and for in situ hybridization (ISHs) to investigate the expression of olfactory receptor genes (Olr287, Olr226, Olr1493 and Olr1654) in the epithelium, also to evaluate the changes of the expression level and location of the selected receptors during the regeneration of olfactory epithelium.

RESULTSHE staining showed that 5 days after the operation cell quantity and thickness of the olfactory epithelium decreased obviously, which increased gradually 2 or 4 weeks after operation. After 6 weeks' recovery, the thickness of the epithelium could reach the control level. The pattern of cell staining by ISH showed a specific spatial distribution along the anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (DV) axis. Evidence suggested that odorant receptors were distributed in continuous and multiple overlapping bands in the normal or nerve transected-recovered epithelium rather than in the conventionally accepted three or four zones. The data also demonstrated that the distribution of sensory neuron types, as identified and defined by odorant receptor expression, was restored to normal or nearly so by 6 weeks after operation. Likewise, the numbers of probe-labeled neurons in the nerve transected-recovered had an obvious decrease 5 days after olfactory nerve transection. Reactive cells (x(-) +/- s) of Olr1493 in the operated side was (53.9 +/- 19.9), compared with (419.0 +/- 21.2) in the unoperated side, there was statistic significance between them (t = 63.960, P < 0.01). Reactive cells increased gradually according to the regeneration of the epithelium, and were nearly equivalent to the normal side 6 weeks later without significant differentiation (t = 2.600, P > 0.05), according to the absolute positive cells in the operated and unoperated side of (417.8 +/- 32.4) and (445.3 +/- 10.0) respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe regeneration of the sensory neurons and receptors, both the number and the distribution, can recover to normal after olfactory nerve transection.

Animals ; Male ; Olfactory Mucosa ; metabolism ; Olfactory Nerve ; metabolism ; surgery ; Olfactory Nerve Injuries ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons ; cytology ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Odorant ; genetics ; metabolism

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the time course of functional and anatomical recovery of the olfactory epithelium (OE) and olfactory bulb (OB) following intranasal instillation of 1% ZnSO4 in mice. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Two groups of mice, normal control group (intranasal instillation of normal saline, n=6) and experimental group (intranasal instillation of ZnSO4, n=18), were studied. Tissues of olfactory pathways were obtained at 1, 3 and 5 weeks after bilateral intranasal instillation of 1%, 100 microliter ZnSO4 solution, and processed for immunohistochemistry using antisera, olfactory marker protein (OMP), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to evaluate the olfactory regeneration. For histological study, OE thickness stained with hematoxylin-eosin was analyzed. RESULTS: At 1 week after ZnSO4 intranasal instillation, the lowest peak of OMP expression in OE appeared. Then the number of OMP-positive cells increased progressively at weeks. However, PCNA expression in OE showed quite the opposite. In the corresponding OB at 1 week, there was decrease of TH-positive cells and at 3 weeks, there was few TH-positive cells. At 5 weeks, there was increase in the number of TH-positive cells again. OE thickness was reduced to 20% of control OE at 1 week, and was significantly recovered to 80% of control OE at 5 weeks. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that intranasal instillation of 1% ZnSO4 to mice produces a brief, reversible but essentially complete destruction of functional connection from the olfactory epithelium to the main olfactory bulb.
Animals ; Immune Sera ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mice* ; Olfactory Bulb* ; Olfactory Marker Protein ; Olfactory Mucosa* ; Olfactory Pathways ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ; Regeneration ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase