BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) improves olfactory dysfunction due to chronic rhinosinusitis. Cross-Cultural Smell Identification test (CC-SIT) is known to be one of the useful methods to assess the olfactory dysfunction. We assessed the influence of ESS on olfactory function by using symptom scores and CC-SIT, and determined the clinical validity of CC-SIT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 151 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who had received ESS were evaluated. Prior to and three months following the surgery, each patient was requested to mark a 5-point scale ranging from normosmia to anosmia. Preoperative and postoperative CC-SITs were performed for 20 patients who complained of olfactory dysfunction. To evaluate the clinical validity of CC-SIT, we assessed the correlations between CC-SIT scores, symptom scores and CT scores using the Lund-Mackay CT scoring system. RESULTS: There were a significant decrease in the symptom scores and an increase in the CC-SIT scores after ESS. However, normosmia was achieved in only 38.5% (25/65) of the patients determined by symptom scores and 23.5% (4/17) by CC-SITs. There were significant correlations between CC-SIT scores, symptom scores and CT scores (r=-0.416, r=-0.357, r=0.510, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Although the average postoperative olfactory ability after ESS was in the hyposmic range, ESS could improve the olfactory ability in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. The 5-point scale and the CC-SIT scores reflected well the severity of olfactory dysfunction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, and therefore, we recommend them as convenient and practical tools to assess olfactory ability before and after ESS.
Humans ; Olfaction Disorders ; Smell*

The common causes of anosmia include sinonasal disorder, post-upper respiratory infection, trauma and chemicals. Intracranial tumor also frequently cause anosmia, so it is not easy to diagnose an intracranial tumor in patients who present with no definite related symptoms other than anosmia. Therefore, otolaryngologists should focus their attention on these disorders when they see patients with anosmia. We have experienced a case of olfactory groove menigioma presenting with only anosmia. We herein report this case with a brief review of the literature.
Humans ; Meningioma ; Olfaction Disorders

Humans ; Olfaction Disorders/etiology* ; Smell

Kallman syndrome is characterised by hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and anosmia. T1 weighted MR coronal images show the bilateral absence or hypoplasia of olfactory bulbs, tracts, and sulci. We report the MR findings of Kallmann syndrome and revew the literature.
Hypogonadism ; Kallmann Syndrome* ; Olfaction Disorders ; Olfactory Bulb

BACKGROUND: Anosmia can be frustrating for both the patient and physician, with no clear treatment. We prospectively investigated the effects of stellate ganglion block (SGB) in anosmic patients who were unresponsive to conventional steroid therapy. METHODS: Thirteen patients with anosmia were treated with SGB. To evaluate the improvement in olfactory function, we evaluated both changes in subjective symptoms and the butanol threshold test. The number of SGB required for improvement in olfactory function was counted. RESULTS: Seven patients (54%) showed improvement of olfactory function with SGB. The average number of SGB for the first response was 7.4 +/- 5.9 times. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that SGB may be a good treatment modality for patients with anosmia unresponsive to steroid therapy.
Humans ; Olfaction Disorders* ; Prospective Studies ; Stellate Ganglion*

Humans ; Olfaction Disorders ; Smell ; Trigeminal Nerve

Humans ; Olfaction Disorders ; genetics ; Smell ; genetics

Objective: To report the case of a woman who underwent smell training for post-infectious olfactory dysfunction presumably from COVID-19. Methods: Design: Case Report. Setting: Tertiary Private Training Hospital. Patient: One. Result: A 41-year-old woman who developed olfactory dysfunction attributed to COVID-19 underwent smell training. At baseline, her responses were mostly “no smell,” and those reported as “can smell a bit” were rated as distorted. After three months, she could now smell items that she previously could not smell, but these smells were still distorted. At the time of this writing, she was on her 4th month of smell training. Conclusion Although we cannot rule out spontaneous resolution of anosmia in our patient, we would like to think that smell training contributed to her recovery of smell.
Anosmia ; Anosmia ; Olfactory Bulb ; Olfaction Disorders

Objective: To determine the quality of life among SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) positive patients with anosmia using the Short Version Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders - Negative Statements translated in Filipino (sQOD-NS Ph).

Methods: Design: Cross-Sectional Study

                 Setting: Tertiary Government Training Hospital

                 Participants: SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) RT-PCR positive patients aged 18 years old and above with COVID-19 symptoms and anosmia in a tertiary government hospital who consulted from March 2020 to August 2021 answered the short version of sQOD-NS Ph.

Results: Out of 108 participants with positive SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) RT-PCR test, 72 (66%) presented with anosmia, and sQOD-NS Ph scores ranged from 1 to 21 with a mean of 14.78. Thirty two (44%) encountered problems in eating while 21 (29%) had feelings of isolation due to loss of smell. There was an inverse correlation of -0.478 between recovery time of olfaction and QoL score, hence the longer the recovery time, the lower the QoL score, while the shorter the recovery time, the higher the QoL score (p < .0001).

Conclusion: Majority of COVID-19 patients with anosmia had mild or negligible impairment, while a small percentage had impaired quality of life. The low percentage may be due to high number of patients who may have recovered their sense of smell along the course of the disease.

Olfactory dysfunction is one of the most common complaints of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Patients who suffer from olfactory dysfunction report a negative effect on their overall quality of life. Chronic rhinosinusitis-related olfactory impairment is the most treatable form of olfactory disorder; however, outcomes after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) are challenging to predict. Previous studies have documented a wide range in overall improvement after ESS. The purpose of this study is to review the factors that predict changes in olfaction after ESS.
Humans ; Olfaction Disorders ; Quality of Life ; Sinusitis ; Smell