BACKGROUND: We studied how periodic and complex heart rate dynamic changes as pulmonary artery pressure increases in 32 infants with ventricular septal defet. In addition, we tested the possibility that the dynamical changes can be used to noninvasively predict the pulmonary artery pressure. METHODS: During cardiac catherterization, mean pulmonary artery pressure was measured and, at the same time, 5minute segments of continous electrocardiographic recording was stored. High-(>0.15 hertz) and low-(0.03-0.15 hertz) frequency components of heart rate variability were computed using spectral analysis. Yhe overall complexity of heart rate time series was quantified by its approximate entropy. RESULT: Pulmonary hypertensive infants(mean pulmonary artery pressure>20mmHg, n=17) had significantly lower low-(p<0.05)and high-(p<0.05) frequency power and lower approximate entropy(p<0.0001) than pulmonary normotensive infants(mean pulmonary artery pressure20mmHg, n=15). The mean pulmonary artery pressure was significantly correlated not with the spectral powers but with approximate entropy(=-0.51, P=0.0001). Conclusion: It can be concluded that, in infants, pulmonary hypertension induced by left-to-right shunt lesions suppress both periodic and complex heart rate oscillation and that mean pulmonary artety pressure can be predicted by calculating approximate entropy of heart trate variability.
Electrocardiography ; Entropy ; Heart Rate* ; Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular* ; Heart* ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; Infant* ; Pulmonary Artery*

No abstract available.
Activities of Daily Living* ; Humans ; Stroke*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study were to investigate the level of family support, alcohol consumption and drinking motives in patients with liver cirrhosis and to examine the relationships among those variables. METHODS: The subjects consisted of 60 patients with liver cirrhosis. Family support scale, Q-F methods and Drinking Motives Questionnaire were used to measure the level of family support, alcohol consumption and drinking motives. RESULTS: The level of family support was 43.62. Prevalence of drinking was 90% and 43.3% were currently heavy drinkers. Alcohol consumption was related to sex and education. There were positive low relationships between the level of enhancement motive, coping motive, social motive, and Q-F Index. CONCLUSION: Alcohol drinking is a serious health problem in patients with liver cirrhosis. It is necessary to have an educational approach for controlling drinking and family support.
Alcohol Drinking* ; Drinking* ; Education ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis* ; Liver* ; Motivation ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study aims to identify the ADL and IADL of bed-ridden elderly. Also it is used to show fuctional status, and to investigate the content and the level of nursing services provided. METHOD: The subjects were 191 elderly who received visiting nurse service through public health centers in the Seoul Metopolitan and Chungnam Province. Data collection was conducted by public health center nurses during four months in 2000. Result: As for daily living activities, 100% of subjects had at least one difficulty in ADL and IADL. Among them, only 0.5% had moderate disabilities and 99.5% had severe disabilities by HFS, 27.9% were in a semi bed-ridden state and 72.1% were completely bed-ridden by JABC. The major service provided was a visiting nurse service which was preferable to the social welfare service. In the visiting nurse service, there was no significant difference according to the elderlys' functional status. In addition there was no standadization about the qualification of the visiting nurse, and single entry point for the nursing service. CONCLUSION: The researchers urgently suggest that a community based comprehensive service model has to be developed to respond to the needs of the elderly in Korea.
Activities of Daily Living ; Aged* ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Data Collection ; Humans ; Korea ; Nurses, Community Health ; Nursing Services ; Public Health ; Seoul ; Social Welfare

PURPOSE: The core of accreditation for nursing education is to improve the ability and quality of graduates through a CQI system based on outcomes. For program outcomes of nursing education accreditation criterion, it is necessary to understand the relationship among education assessment, objective and curriculum. METHODS: The focus of this study was on program outcomes and the assessment. First measures for improving the general problems of program outcomes associated with the assessment system were stated. Detailed measure for practicing program outcomes, the assessment system and the assessment tool using Rubrics were discussed. RESULTS: Detailed measure were established for practicing the program outcomes, assessment system and assessment tool, which makes use of rubrics, program outcome No 3 of the Korean Accreditation Board of Nursing Education. CONCLUSION: Therefore it is expected that the assessment system established in this study will allow universities to conduct program outcomes and assessment.
Accreditation ; Communication* ; Curriculum ; Education ; Education, Nursing ; Nursing*

PURPOSE: This study was done to examine the effects of 4% hypertonic saline solution mouthwash and tooth brushing education on the oral health of elders living in long term care facilities. METHODS: In this quasi-experimental study, the participants were assigned to a 2% experimental group (n=20), a 4% experimental group (n=20), and a control group (n=20). Data were analyzed using ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA, Fisher exact test, Chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test and multiple response analysis with the SAS program. RESULTS: Regular tooth brushing and use of 4% hypertonic saline solution mouthwash by elders provided better oral health by decreasing xerostomia, oral tongue plaque, halitosis, and the number of oral bacteria. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that regular tooth brushing with continuous 4% hypertonic saline solution mouth washing education promotes oral health for elders in long term care facilities, thus the dental care described in this study is recommended for elders in long term facilities.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Bacteria/drug effects/isolation & purification ; Dental Plaque/prevention & control ; Female ; Halitosis/prevention & control ; *Homes for the Aged ; Humans ; Male ; Mouthwashes/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; *Oral Health ; Saline Solution, Hypertonic/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Toothbrushing ; Xerostomia/prevention & control

PURPOSE: It was identified that how many homebound bedridden elderlies and their primary caregivers were depressed, and which factors affected the bedridden elderly's depression. METHOD: The subjects were 191 homebound bedridden elderlies and their primary caregivers. The affecting factors were classified into two categories: bedridden elderly and their primary caregiver related factors. Then bedridden elderly's factors were classified demographic and disease-related factors again. The stepwise regression was used to identify significant factors. RESULT: The prevalence of bedridden elderly's and caregiver's depression was 77.8% and 67.0%, respectively. And the model explained 33.3% of variance of bedridden elderly's depression. Cognitively-impaired female elderlies who had depressed caregivers were found to be more depressed. And caregivers who perceived burden were identified to be more depressed. CONCLUSION: It is recommended that the health professionals need to identify bedridden elderlies and caregivers at risk of depression. Especially elderlies who is in poor cognition, those who are female, and those whose caregivers were depressed might be considered carefully in all counseling or follow-up. Also the primary caregivers must be helped to access already available formal and informal support.
Aged ; Caregivers ; Cognition ; Counseling ; Depression* ; Female ; Health Occupations ; Humans ; Prevalence

No abstract available.
Humans

No abstract available.

The writers have conducted the investigation to assess the nutritional status of young rural Korean children aged form 0 to 4 years old in August 1971. The survey areas were Kaejong-myon, Daeya-myon, Okku-gun, Jeonra-bukdo, Korea. These survey areas were typical agriculture plain areas. The total numbers of children examined were 2,706 comprising 1,394 male and 1,312 female. the weight, height, and chest circumference of children were measured and means and standard deviations were calculated for each measurement. In addition, the nutritional status of each child was classified by the four levels of malnutrition and the Gomez classification. The examination of red blood cell count, haematocrit value, and intestinal parasite infection were carried out at the same time. In general, recent work tend to suggest that environment influences, especially nutrition, are of great importance than genetic background or other biological factors for physical growth and development. Certainly the physical dimensions of the body are much influenced by nutrition, particularly in the rapidly growing period of early childhood. Selected body measurements can therefore give valuable information concerning protein-calory malnutrition. Growth can also be affected by bacterial, viral, and parasite infection. For the field workers in a developing country, therefore, nutritional anthropometry appears to be of greatest value in the assessment of growth failure and undernutrition, principally from lack of protein and calories. In order to compare and evaluate the data obtained, the optimal data of growth from the offspring of the true well-fed, medically and socially protected are needed, So-called "Standards" that have been compiled for preschool children in Korea, However, are based on measurement of children from middle or lower socio-economic groups, sho are in fact, usually undernourished from six months of age onwards and continuously exposed to a succession of infective and parasitic diseases. So that, the Harvard Standards which os one of the international reference standards was used as the reference standards in this study. Findings of the survey were as follows: A. Anthropometric data: 1) Comparing the mean values for body weight obtained with the Korean standard weight of the same age, the rural Korean children were slightly haevier than the Korean standard values in both sexes. Comparing with the Japanese children values, the rural Koran children were slightly haevier in male and in the infant period of female but lighter in female of the period of 1 to 4 years old than Japanese children. 2) Comparing the mean values for height obtained with the Korean standard height of the same age, the rural Korean children were taller than the Korean standard values except the second half of infant period in both sexes. Comparing with the Japanese children, the rural Korean children were slightly smaller than Japanese children except the first half of infant period in both sexes. 3)Mean values of chest circumference of rural Korean children obtained were less than the Korean standard values of the same ages in birth sexes. B. Prevalence of Protein-Calory Malnutrition: Children examined were divided into two groups, i. e. , infant (up to the first birthday) and toddler (1 to $ years old). 1) Percentage of four levels of malnutrition: a) when the nutritional status of each child was classified (1) by body weight value, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard value, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 52.8%(infant 83.3%, toddler 44.4%) and 39.7%(infant 74.5%, toddler 30.5%), the first level of malnutrition were 31.9% (infant 13.7%,toddler 36.9%) and 31.7%(infant 15.3%, toddler 36.0%), the second level of malnutrition were 12.3%(infant 1.7%, toddler 15.3%) and 23.3% (infant 7.7%, toddler 27.5%), the third level of malnutrition were 2.7%(infant 0.7%, toddler 3.2%) and 4.6%(infant 1.8%, toddler 5.3%) the fourth level of malnutrition were 0.3% (infant 0.7%, toddler 0.2%) and 0.7%(0.7% for infant and toddler) respectively. (2)by height value, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 80.3%(infant 97.3%, toddler 75.6%) and 75.1%(infant 96.4%, toddler 69.5%), the first levels of malnutrition were 17.9%(infant 2.0%, toddler 22.3%) and 23.6%(infant 3.6%, toddler 28.8%), the second level of malnutrition were 1.2%(infant 0.3%, toddler 1.5%) and 1.1%(infant 0%, toddler 1.4%), the third level of malnutrition were 0.4%(infant 0.3%, toddler 0.5%) and 0.2%(infant 0%, toddler 0.3%), the fourth level of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0%, toddler 0.1%) and 0% respectively. (3) By body weight in relation to height, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 87.9%(infant 77.6%, toddler 87.9%) and 78.2%(infant 77.4%, toddler 78.2%), the first level if malnutrition were 12.2%(infant 18.4%, toddler 10.6%) and 18.2%(infant 17.9%, toddler 18.3%), the second level of malnutrition were 1.9%(infant 3.3%, toddler 1.5%) and 3.0%(infant 3.3%, toddler 2.9%), the third level of malnutrition of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0.7%, toddler 0%)and 0.3%(infant 1.5%, toddler 0%) respectively. b) When the nutritional status of each child according to the mother's aged mother (31 to 40 years old) and old aged mother (41 years of above) was classified. (1) By body weight, among infants and toddlers, at each year of age, with increasing the mother's age, there was an increase in percentage of subjects underweight. This tendency of increasing percentage f underweight was more significant in the infant period than the toddler period. (2) By height value, no significant differences between each mother's age group were found. c) When the nutritional status of each child according to the birth rank, i. e. , lower birth rank(first to third) an higher birth rank(fourth of above) was classified. (1) By weight value, children of higher birth rank were slightly more often underweight than those of lower birth rank, but not significant. (2) By height value, no differences were found between children of lower and higher birth rank. 2) Gomez Classification: When the nutritional status of each child was classified a) By body weight value, the percentages for male and female of children, attained standard growth were 53.1%(infant 82.6%, toddler 44.9%) and 39.2%(infant 73.4%, toddler 30.1%), the first degree of malnutrition were 39.4%(infant 14.7%, toddler 46.2%) and 47.1%(infant 21.9%, toddler 53.8%), the second degree of malnutrition were 7.3%(infant 2.3%, toddler 8.6%) and 12.9%(infant 4.0%, toddler 15.2%), and the third degree of malnutrition were 0.2%(infant 0.3%, toddler 0.2%) and 0.8%(infant 0.7%, toddler 0.9%) respectively. b)By body weight value, the percentages for male and female of children, attained standard growth were 80.8%(infant 97.0%, toddler 76.3%) and 73.8%(infant 95.6%, toddler 68.0%), the first degree of malnutrition were 18.5%(infant 2.7%, toddler 22.9%) and 24.6%(infant 4.4%, toddler 30.0%), the second degree of malnutrition were 0.6%(infant 0.3%, toddler 0.7%) and 0.5%(infant 0.1%, toddler 0.7%), and the third degree of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0%, toddler 0.1%) and 1.1%(infant 0%, toddler 1.3%) respectively. C. Results of clinical laboratory examination: 1) Red blood cells: The range of mean red blood counts for male and female were 3,538,000/m3 to 4,483,000/m3 respectively. The lowest red cell counts were seen at the age of 0-3 months for male and 1-2 months for female. 2) Haematocrit value: The ranges of haematocrit value of male and female were 35.1% to 38.8% and 34.7% to 38.8% respectively. The lowest haematocrit values were seen at the age of 2-3 months for male and 1-2months for female. 3)The prevalence rates of intestinal parasites for male and female children with Ascaris lumbricoides were 34.1%(infant 18.8%, toddler 38.1%) and 36.0%(infant 18.4%, toddler 40.7%), with Trichocephalus trichiuris were 6.8%(infant 2.9%, toddler 7.9%) and 9.0%(infant 3.0%, toddler 10.6%), with Hookworm were 0.3%(infant 0.5%, toddler 0.2%)and 0.3%(infant 0.5%, toddler 0.3%), with Clonorchis sinensis were 0.4%(infant 0%, toddler 0.5%) and 0.1%(infant 0%, toddler 0.1%)respectively.
Agriculture ; Ancylostomatoidea ; Anthropometry ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Biological Factors ; Body Weight ; Cell Count ; Child* ; Child, Preschool ; Classification ; Clonorchis sinensis ; Developing Countries ; Erythrocyte Count ; Erythrocytes ; Female ; Growth and Development ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Infant ; Korea* ; Male ; Malnutrition ; Mothers ; Nutritional Status* ; Parasites ; Parasitic Diseases ; Parturition ; Prevalence ; Thinness ; Thorax ; Trichuris