PURPOSE: This study was to identify adolescents' smoking behavior and the status and need of smoking prevention education for adolescents. METHOD: The subjects were 375 students selected through convenient sampling from three middle schools and three high schools in Jeonbuk. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey and analyzed using SPSS 10.1. RESULT: The smoking rate was 20.8% and 83.7% the students experienced smoking prevention education. Students were educated by a special instructor (39.8%) or a health teacher (26.8%). Among the teaching methods, lecture was 69.4%, but some students (30.7%) wanted anti-smoking school. Among the students, 85.0% answered they want smoking prevention education and 46.7% said that it should be covered in regular curriculum. CONCLUSION: High interest and continuity are emphasized for the success of smoking prevention education. In addition, various teaching methods need to be developed including anti-smoking school, lectures, counselling and long term education program. Moreover, smoking prevention education programs need to be covered in regular curriculum.
Adolescent* ; Curriculum ; Education* ; Humans ; Jeollabuk-do ; Lectures ; Smoke* ; Smoking* ; Teaching ; Surveys and Questionnaires

No abstract available.
Iron*

This study was focused on the distribution of different facial types of the Class II division 1 malocclusion groups and skeletal characteristics of the each group and those that anteropsterior relationship of the maxilla and mandible calculated from the analysis of ANB angle and Wits appraisal was quite different from each other, as well. Cephalometric headplates of 140 persons of Class II division 1 malocclusion whose mean age was 11.2 years and 69 persons of normal occlusion whose mean age was 12.2 years were utilized as materials. Measurements were recorded, tabulated and statistically analyzed employing the tracings of the lateral cephalograms, then Class II division 1 malocclusion group was divided into 9 Types according to the angle of SNA and SNB for the anteroposterior relationship of the maxilla and mandible, another 9 Types according to the FH-NPog and SN-MP for the horizontal and vertical relationship, and the other 9 Types according to the ANB and Wits appraisal for intermaxillary relationship as well, with which was based on Mean+/- 1SD of those of normal occlusion. The result allowed the following conclusion: 1. 37.1 % of population demonstrated maxilla within normal range and retrognathic mandible to the cranial base, 30% for both maxilla and mandible within normal range, 20% for retrognathic maxilla and mandible and 12.9 % of the rest were arranged in Class II division 1 malocclusion groups. 2. Retrognathic mandible and hyperdivergent face accounted for 30.7 %, mesognathic mandible and neutrodivergent face for 29.3 %, mesognathic mandible and hyperdivergent face for 16.4 %, retrognathic mandible and neutrodivergent face for 13.6 %, mesognathic mandible and hypodivergent face for 10% of population were computed in Class II division 1 malocclusion groups. 3. It was suggested that skeletal Class II malocclusion might be due to anomaly in size and shape of cranial base, underdevelopment of mandible, retropositioning of mandible, underdevelopment of posterior face against anterior face, or any combination of these factors. 4. Population with underdevelopment and/or retropositioning of the mandible showed hyperdivergent tendency of facial profile. 5. The ANB angle and Wits appraisal did not coincide the severity of anteroposterior dysplasia in 35.7% of Class II division 1 malocclusion group each other, and this inconsistency was suggested to be related with mandibular rotation, inclination of cranial base, and anteroposterior position of the maxilla.
Humans ; Malocclusion* ; Mandible ; Maxilla ; Reference Values ; Skull Base

The purpose of this study was to compare bracket shear bond strengths of th crystal growth solutions wi those of the 37% phosphoric acid etch technique. The 4 crystal growth solutions were made experimentally in th lab, that is (1)30% polyacrylic acid solution containing 0.3 M sulfuric acid (ES 1), (2)30% polyacrylic acid solution containing 0.6 M solution acid (ES 2), (3)30% polyacrylic acid solution containing 0.3 M solution acid and 0.6M lithium sulfate(ES 3), (4)30% polyacrylic acid solution containing 0.3 M solution acid and 5% phosphoric acid (ES 4). The 37% phosphoric acid solution used as a control. Bovine lower incisor tooth enamel was treated by the above solutions for 60 sec, washed out for 20 sec with slow water stream, and bonded lower anterior edgewise bracket with the light curing orthodontic composit resin adhesives. The teeth bonded brackets were stored in the distilled water at room temperature for 24h, and followed to test the bracket shear bond strength. The acid etch technique showed 177.6kg/cm(2) of mean shear bond strength which was the highest among the enamel treatment solutions. ES 1 shown 58.4 kg/cm(2) of mead shear bond strength and the of ES 4 showed 66.5 kg/cm(2). There was no significant difference between the two(p>0.05). Es 2 showed 110.6kg/cm(2) of mean shear bond strength which was 62.3% of that of acid etch technique. ES 3 showed 131.3kg/cm(2) of mead shear bond strength which was the highest among experimental crystal growth solution and which was 74% of that of acid etch technique. The shear bond strengths of the crystal growth solutions and were significantly lower that that of acid etch technique(p<0.05). The results suggest that bracket shear bond strength of 30% polyacrylic acid solution containing 0.3M sulfuric acid and 0.6M lithium sulfate were showed the highest, it is low for the clinical application of this solution.
Adhesives ; Crystallization* ; Dental Enamel ; Incisor ; Lithium ; Rivers ; Sulfur ; Tooth ; Water

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate knowledge of and compliance with the neutropenic diet in hemato-oncology patients undergoing chemotherapy. METHODS: 123 hemato-oncology patients who had more than one chemotherapy participated in this study. Data were collected with a self-administered questionnaire from July 21 to September 26, 2014, and analyzed with SPSS 21.0 program using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation. RESULTS: The average of score for the neutropenic diet was 60.9 out of 100 points and mean compliance score was 69.5 out of 100 percent scale. For preventing infection, patients were found to be stricter in their intake of restricted foods than acceptable foods during neutropenia. There were significant correlations between the knowledge of and compliance with the neutropenic diet in patients receiving chemotherapy (r=.53, p<.001). CONCLUSION: It is necessary to nursing assessment and education should include a periodic assessment of nutritional status and risk evaluation of neutropenia and bacterial infections. This study recommended nursing research to establish a recommendation criterion for a restrictive neutropenic diet and less restrictive food safety education programs for cancer patients.
Bacterial Infections ; Compliance* ; Diet* ; Drug Therapy* ; Education ; Food Safety ; Hematologic Neoplasms* ; Humans ; Neutropenia ; Nursing Assessment ; Nursing Research ; Nutritional Status

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate cognitive function, leisure activities and depression in female elderly, to examine the relationships among those variables and to investigate leisure activities and depression according to cognitive function. METHODS: The subjects were 105 female elderly visiting two senior citizen centers in Seoul, Korea. Data were collected from November to December 2006. The participants were assured of anonymity and confidentiality. All information was collected through face-to-face interviews using questionnaires. RESULTS: 26.0% of the participants were cognitive impaired but not demented and 17.3% were demented. The level of depression was severe and 77.9% of the subjects were depressed. The subjects were not actively engaging in leisure activities. There were significant correlations between cognitive function, leisure activities and depression in female elderly. Demented or CIND subjects were more actively engaging in extra family fulfillment type leisure activities than normal subjects, CONCLUSION: These findings showed the need for a program for female elderly regarding leisure activities. When counseling the elderly, nurses must consider their cognitive function, leisure activities and depression.
Aged* ; Anonyms and Pseudonyms ; Cognitive Dissonance ; Confidentiality ; Counseling ; Depression* ; Female* ; Humans ; Korea ; Leisure Activities* ; Seoul ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Isolated ACTH deficiency is a uncommon disorder causing secondary adrenocortical insufficiency. Less than 200 cases have been reported in the world. The major clinical manifestations are hypoglycemia, weight loss, hypotension, anemia, weakness, nausea, inability to excrete water load, and hyponatremia. A 56-year-old male was admitted because of weakness, fatigue, nausea and vomiting. He was pallor and not associated with hyperpigmentation. The basal plasma ACTH and cortisol levels were 8.30 pg/ml and 0.6 ug/dl. The serum cortisol did not response to rapid ACTH stimulation test. On combined pituitary stimulation test, the cortisol did not response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Other anterior pituitary hormones showed normal responses except elevated prolactin level. Six months after glucocorticoid replacement therapy, the elevated basal prolactin level returned to normal. Brain MRI did not show any anatomic abnormalities of the sellar and suprasella area. We report a case of isolated ACTH deficiency accompanied by hyperprolactineia, which respond to glucocorticoid replacement therapy.
Adrenal Insufficiency ; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone* ; Anemia ; Brain ; Fatigue ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; Hyperpigmentation ; Hyperprolactinemia* ; Hypoglycemia ; Hyponatremia ; Hypotension ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nausea ; Pallor ; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior ; Plasma ; Prolactin ; Vomiting ; Water ; Weight Loss

No abstract available.
Aeromonas hydrophila* ; Aeromonas* ; Animals ; Histamine Release* ; Histamine* ; Mast Cells* ; Rats*

OBJECTIVES: This study was for analyzing the research about international marriage immigrant women and a trial to find the right direction for future research. METHODS: Sixty articles published from June, 2004 to June, 2009 were reviewed and analyzed according to the general characteristics, major of author, and theme of health domains. RESULTS: Most of them were master's thesis(71.7%) and journals(21.7%) and doctoral dissertation(6.7%) have been published mostly after thesis. Among 83.3% for quantitative research, descriptive(33.3%) and descriptive correlation(41.7%) methods were the most used and there were some qualitative researches(16.7%). The most frequently used data gathering method was questionnaire(81.7%) and the next was interview(16.7%). The major rates of the author were 61.7% for social welfare and 2.1% for nursing. The investigated variables in social health domain were adaptation(28.3%), and communication(1.7%). In psychological health domain, marriage satisfaction(16.7%), life satisfaction(11.7%), and depression(10.0%) were most researched. Utilization of medical center(5.0%) and health promotion behavior(1.7%) were investigated in physical health domain. CONCLUSIONS: Above this, most articles were researched about the adaptation of international marriage immigrant women. But the life in foreign countries can cause physical and psychosocial unhealthy conditions, so many-sided health related researches are supposed to be conducted for adaptation and prevention health problems of international marriage immigrant women.
Emigrants and Immigrants ; Female ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Marriage ; Social Welfare

Eccrine acrospiroma is a rare adnexal tumor of the skin. When the clinical presentation is that of a breast lump, diagnosis can be difficult. Also, most of the cytopathologists are not familiar with the cytologic features of this tumor and this is responsible for diagnostic pitfalls. We experienced a case of eccrine acrospiroma of the right breast in a 41-year-old female, misdiagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology(FNAC). FNAC was characterized by tight clusters or sheets of small round cells, polygonal cells, and spindle cells and tubule like structures within clusters. Myoepithelial cells were not noted in the clusters. The diagnosis of eccrine acrospiroma was confirmed by histology.
Acrospiroma* ; Adult ; Biopsy, Fine-Needle* ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Ductal* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Skin