A simple, fast GC method based on headspace single drop microextraction (HS-SDME) was used for the determination of menthol and methyl salicylate in Baicao oils. A special sample pretreatment method was performed by adding 10 microL the oil its methanol solution into 5 mL water in a caped 10 mL sample vial, a 1.5 microL microdrop of N,N-dimethylformamide with benzyl alcohol as internal standard was formed on the pinpoint of microsyringe needle, exposing 5 min at extraction temperature of 40 degrees C. After extraction, 0.5 microL of extract was directely injected into GC for analysis. The determination was carried out on a capillary column (0.53 mm x 30 m) with PEG as the stationary phase with FID as the detector. A temperature programm was employed. The excellent separation and detection of the target components was accomplished. The average recoveries varied between 95.4% and 99.2%, and relative standard deviations were less than 1.9%. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 1.26-80.5 mg x L(-1) for menthol (r = 0.999 0) and 2.49-1.59 x 10(2) mg x L(-1) for methyl salicylate (r = 0.999 1), respectively. The proposed method is proved to be simple, fast, accurate and low cost without complicated sample pretreatment HS-SDME is expected to be widely applied for the analysis of volatile components in traditional Chinese medicines.
Calibration ; Chromatography, Gas ; methods ; Oils, Volatile ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo analysis chemical components of volatile oil from the seed of Nigella glandulifera (NG), comparing them with those from the seed of foreign N. sativa (NS) and N. damascene (ND), and to quantify thymoquinone in the volatile oil extracted by hydrodistillation (HD) from the seed of NG.

METHODThe volatile oil was extracted by supercritical CO2 extraction (SFE-CO2 ) and HD from the seed of NG and its chemical components was analysed by GC-MS, the relative percentage of components were determined by peak aera normalization method and compare with those of the seed of NS and ND. The content of the thymoquinone in the volatile oil was determined by one point external standard method.

RESULTIn terms of the volatile compounds, p-cymene is the major component of NG and NS, their relative percentage contents are 33.75% and 61.48%, respectively. beta-Elemene is the major component of ND, its relative percentage content is 73.24%. The relative percentage contents of thymoquinone are 3.73% (HD), 3.80% and 0.08% in NG, NS and ND, respectively. Linoleic acid is a major component of volatile oil by SFE-CO2 in NG, but its content of p-cymene is lower. The absolute percentage content of thymoquinone is 1.58% by HD in volatile oil of NG.

CONCLUSIONThere are comparatively large differences of volatile components in NG, NS and ND.

Benzoquinones ; analysis ; Nigella ; chemistry ; Oils, Volatile ; analysis ; Plant Oils ; analysis ; Seeds ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo develop an identification method with significant specificity for patchouli oil.

METHODThe fingerprint was performed by gas chromatography with patchouli alcohol and pogostone as chemical markers.

RESULTThe similarity of 12 samples were higher than 0.9 and it can be used to identify the characteristics of patchouli oil.

CONCLUSIONThe GC fingerprint can be used for identification of patchouli oil.

Chromatography, Gas ; methods ; Lamiaceae ; chemistry ; Oils, Volatile ; analysis ; Plant Oils ; analysis ; Sesquiterpenes ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of Chrysanthemum morifolium based on functional diversity in soil microbial community with different cropping system and fertilization and offer scientific basis for the establishment of the reasonable planting patterns.

METHODCombined yield and quality of Ch. morifolium, 8 treatments of different cropping system and fertilization on functional diversity in soil microbial community of Ch. morifolium were investigated by the Biolog.

RESULTThe AWCD of Ch. morifolium paddy-dryland rotation was higher than that of the continuous cropping, the AWCD of organic fertilizer and compound NPK > single organic fertilizer > single compound NPK > no fertilizer. The principal component analysis about Ch. morifolium soil microbial carbon source use showed that the contribution rate of principal component 1 was 45.5% and principal component 2 was 12.1%, which could explain most information about the variation. Different cropping system of Ch. morfolium differentiated in principal component 1 axis, different fertilization differentiated in principal component 2 axis. The yield of Ch. morifolium and volatile oil content paddy-dryland rotation was significantly higher than that of continuous cropping.

CONCLUSIONThe Ch. morifolium should be cultivated with organic fertilizer and compound NPK by paddy-dryland rotation patters.

Biota ; Chrysanthemum ; metabolism ; microbiology ; Fertilizers ; Oils, Volatile ; analysis ; Soil Microbiology

OBJECTIVETo identify compounds that may be responsible for catnip response of Actinidia macrosperma, and compare chemical compositions in the wild and in vitro regenerated plants.

METHODSGC-MS and relative retention indices with n-alkanes as reference points were used for compound identification, and component relative percentage was calculated based on GC peak areas without using correction factors.

RESULTSThere are 28 compounds (92.72%) and 15 compounds (93.88%) identified in the essential oils from the wild and regenerated plants, respectively. Dihydronepetalactone, iridomyrmecin, and dihydroactinidiolide, which are believed to be attractive to felines, are present in both wild and regenerated plants. Actinine was not detected, and beta-pheylethyl alcohol was only present in wild plant. In addition, short-chain enol derivatives, messengers in chemical communication, are commonly present in wild plant of A. macrosperma, but absent in regenerated one.

CONCLUSIONDihydronepetalactone, iridomyrmecin, and dihydroactinidiolide are responsible for the catnip response of A. macrosperma.

Actinidia ; chemistry ; Animals ; Cats ; China ; Nepeta ; chemistry ; Oils, Volatile ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo extract and identify the chemical constituents of essential oil from Lonicera fulvotomentosa in different collected periods (bud, Silver-flower and Golden-flower periods).

METHODExtracts in three different collected periods were subjected to GC-MS analysis for determination of their chemical constituents.

RESULTThe 29, 34 and 28 kinds of chemical constituents corresponding to the above three periods were found, and 44 kinds of compounds were identified. The relative content of every chemical constituents in each essential oil was obtained by area normalization method.

CONCLUSIONThe O-tolyl isocyanide was detected from essential oil of Lonicera for the first time. The result indicated that the highest relative content in essential oil in the three periods is alcohol substance and the second is ester and aldehyde. Many common constituents in the essential oil from L. fulvotomentosa, including linalool, hyacinthin, O-tolyl isocyanide, geraniol, methyl anthranilate, and so on, all could be detected in the three periods. However, the differences of their relative content are obvious.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Lonicera ; chemistry ; Oils, Volatile ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo conduct comparative study on the volatile components from Polygonati Rhizoma during processing.

METHODVolatile oil was obtained from Polygonati Rhizoma by steam distillation (SD). Volatile components were concentrated by a purge and trap-thermal desorption (P&T-TD) method, and analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which were comparative by analyzed with the method of SD-GC-MS simultaneously.

RESULTThe change in quantity and quality of volatile components in pre and post processed Polygonati Rhizoma were observed. Fifty-one compounds were checked out with SD-GC-MS, while 11 compounds with P&T-TD-GC-MS.

CONCLUSIONThis study is useful to illustrate the mechanism of decreasing toxicity and stimulating components after being processed.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; methods ; Oils, Volatile ; analysis ; Polygonatum ; chemistry

This study explores the emulsifying material basis of Angelicae Sinensis Radix volatile oil (ASRVO) based on partial least squares (PLS) method and hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) value.The turbidity of ASRVO emulsion samples from Gansu,Yunnan,and Qinghai was determined and the chemical components in the emulsion were analyzed by GC-MS.The PLS model was established with the chemical components as the independent variable and the turbidity as the dependent variable and evaluated with indexes R~2X and R~2Y.The chemical components which were in positive correlation with the turbidity were selected and the HLB values were calculated to determine the emulsification material basis of ASRVO.The PLS models for the 81 emulsion samples had high R~2X and R~2Y values,which showed good fitting ability.Seven chemical components,2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol,trans-ligustilide,3-butylidene-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone,dodecane,1-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-cyclohexene,trans-beta-ocimene,and decane,had positive correlation with turbidity.Particularly,the HLB value of 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol was 4.4,which was the HLB range of surfactants to be emulsifiers and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol was positively correlated with turbidity of the ASRVO emulsion samples from the main producing area.Therefore,2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol was the emulsifying material basis of ASRVO.The selected emulsifying substances can lay a foundation for exploring the emulsification mechanism and demulsification solution of ASRVO.
China ; Emulsions ; Least-Squares Analysis ; Oils, Volatile ; Surface-Active Agents

A gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry(GC-MS) method was established for the simultaneous determination of eleven volatile components in Cinnamomi Oleum and the chemical pattern recognition was utilized to evaluate the quality of essential oil obtained from Cinnamomi Fructus medicinal materials in various habitats. The Cinnamomi Fructus medicinal materials were treated by water distillation, analyzed using GC-MS, and detected by selective ion monitoring(SIM), and the internal standards were used for quantification. The content results of Cinnamomi Oleum from various batches were analyzed by hierarchical clustering analysis(HCA), principal component analysis(PCA), and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) for the statistic analysis. Eleven components showed good linear relationships within their respective concentration ranges(R~2>0.999 7), with average recoveries of 92.41%-102.1% and RSD of 1.2%-3.2%(n=6). The samples were classified into three categories by HCA and PCA, and 2-nonanone was screened as a marker of variability between batches in combination with OPLS-DA. This method is specific, sensitive, simple, and accurate, and the screened components can be utilized as a basis for the quality control of Cinnamomi Oleum.
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Plant Oils ; Oils, Volatile ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/analysis* ; Cluster Analysis

In order to increase the solubility of volatile oil from Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma, this study was to prepare self-nanoemulsion of volatile oil from Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma . The prescriptions were preliminarily screened by miscibility studies, excipient compatibility tests, and pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, and then the optimal formulation was obtained by using the Box-Behnken response surface method, with particle size and drug-loading rate as the indicators. The self-nanoemulsion prepared by optimal prescription was characterized and evaluated for dissolution. The results showed that the optimal prescription for this volatile oil self-nanoemulsion was as follows: 41.7% volatile oil, 46.8% Tween-80, and 11.5% PEG-400. The prepared self-nanoemulsion was clear and transparent, with drug-loading of (192.77±1.64) mg·g⁻¹, particle diameter of (53.20±0.94) nm, polydispersity index of 0.230± 0.013, and Zeta potential of (-12.2±0.7) mV. The dissolution of self-nanoemulsion was higher than that of volatile oil. In this research, volatile oil served as the oil phase in self-nanoemulsion, so the prescription was simpler and the drug loading rate was higher. The prepared self-nanoemulsion complied with the relevant quality requirements, providing a reference for the preparation of volatile oil formulations.
Acorus ; chemistry ; Emulsions ; Oils, Volatile ; analysis ; standards ; Particle Size ; Plant Oils ; analysis ; standards ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; Solubility