PURPOSE: Preamplifier and amplifier are very important parts for developing a portable counting or imaging gamma probe. They can be used for analyzing pulses containing energy and position information for the emitted radiations. The commercial Nuclear Instrument Modules (NIMs) can be used for processing these pulses. However, it may be improper to use NIMs in developing a portable gamma probe, because of its size and high price. The purpose of this study was to develop both preamplifier and amplifier and measure their performance characteristics. MATERIALS and Methodes: The preamplifier and amplifier were designed as a charge sensitive device and a capacitor resistor-rsistor capacitor (CR-RC) electronic circuit, respectively, and they were mounted on a print circuit board (PCB). We acquired and analyzed energy spectra for Tc-99m and Cs-137 using both PCB and NIMs. Multichannel analyzer (Accuspec/A, Caberra Industries Inc., Meriden Connecticut, U.S.A) and scintillation detectors (EP-047 (Bicron Saint-Gobain/Norton Industrial EP-047 (Ceramics Co., Ohio, U.S.A) with 2"x2" NaI (T1) crystal and R1535 (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Electron Tube Center, Shizuoka-ken, Japan) with 1"x1"NaI (T1) crystal) were used for acquiring the energy spectra. RESULTS: Using PCB, energy resolutions or EP-047 detectors for Tc-99m and Cs-137 were 12.92% and 5.01%, respectively, whereas R1535 showed 13.75% and 5.19% of energy resolution. Using the NIM devices, energy resolutions of EP-047 detector for Tc-99m and Cs-137 were measured as 14.6% and 7.58%, respectively. However, reliable energy spectrum of R1535 detector could not be acquired, since its photomultiplier tube (PMT) requires a specific type of preamplifier. CONCLUSION: We developed a special preamplifier and amplifier suitable for a small sized gamma probe that showed good energy resolutions independent of PMT types. The RESULTS indicate that the PCB can be used in developing both counting and imaging gamma probe.
Connecticut ; Ohio ; Optics and Photonics

PURPOSE: To compare the film density of Insight dental X-ray film (Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY, USA) with that of Ektaspeed Plus film (Eastman Kodak) under manual and automatic processing conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Insight and Ektaspeed Plus films were exposed at three different exposure conditions with an aluminum step wedge on the films under the three different exposure times. The exposed films were processed by both manual and automatic ways. The Base plus fog density and the optical density made by exposing step wedge were calculated using a digital densitometer (model 07-443, Victoreen Inc, Cleveland, Ohio, USA). The optical densities of the Insight and Ektaspeed film versus thickness of alumimun wedge at the same exposure time were plotted on the graphs. Statistical analyses were applied for comparing the optical densities of the two films. RESULTS: The film density of both Insight films and Ektaspeed Plus films under automatic processing condition was significantly higher over the manual processing. The film density of Insight films was significantly higher than that of Ektaspeed Plus films on both automatic and manual processing conditions. CONCLUSION: The radiation exposure time can be reduced when using Insight over Ektaspeed Plus film. To take the full advantage of reducing exposure time, Insight film should be processed automatically.
Aluminum ; Ohio ; Radiography ; Weather ; X-Ray Film*

With 12 representative states such as Ohio and Illinois as examples, the disciplinary system for acupuncturists in the United States is introduced. The disciplinary system mainly covers several aspects such as the subject of the implementation, the types of illegal acts, the form of disciplinary responsibility, and the hearing procedure. The acupuncture industry association has the responsibility of disciplinary action in most states. Corresponding disciplinary measures will be taken depending on the illegal activities of acupuncturists according to the types of illegal practice specified by each state. The hearing procedure provides procedural guarantee for the subsequent rights protection activities of acupuncturists.
Acupuncture ; Acupuncture Therapy/methods* ; Ohio ; United States

To determine the accuracy of end-tidal PCO2(PetCO2) measurement analysed with Ohmeda 5210 capnometer in the pediatric patients whose jung were ventilated with Ohio infant Circle Absorber and Ohio Ventilatior 7200, we compared PetCO2, measurements sampled from the proximal(PetCO2-p) and distal(PetCO2-d) ends of the tracheal tube to arterial PCO2(PaCO2) in 22 healthy pediatric patients between 6.8 to 18.5kg. The results were as follow: 1) Proximal PetCO2 and distal PetCO2 correlated with PaCO2(r=0.76%, SEE=2.79, r=0.70:SEE=3.01, respectively)(p<0.05). 2)Arterial to end-tidal PCO2 difference(delta(a-et)PCO2) was significantyly greater with distal(3.53+/-4.68 mmhg) than proximal(0.35+/-2.72 mmhg) sampling(p<0.05). 3) In subgroup of patients whose proximal to distal concentration of nitrous oxide difference was more than 2%, the delta(a-et)PCO2 using distal sampling(7.90+/-5.15 mmhg) was also significantly greater then it was using proximal sampling(-1.73+/-2.39 mmhg)(p<0.05).. We conclude that distal estimates of PetCO2-P can not provide accepatbale estimate of PaCO2 in healthy pediatric patients who are intubated with pediatric uncuffed tracheal tube.
Carbon Dioxide* ; Carbon* ; Humans ; Infant ; Nitrous Oxide ; Ohio

Blastomycosis is a systemic pyogranulomatous disease that is caused by a thermally dimorphic fungus, Blastomyces dermatitidis. it's the disease is endemic in the south-eastern and south central states of the USA, which border the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, the mid-western states and Canadian provinces bordering the Great Lakes as well as in a small area of New York and Canada adjacent to the St. Lawrence River.1 We encountered a case of blastomycosis, representing as a pulmonary manifestation after traveling around a non-endemic area and report it with a brief review of the relevant literature.
Blastomyces ; Blastomycosis* ; Canada ; Fungi ; Lakes ; Mississippi ; Ohio ; Rivers

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the average facial proportions and mandibular movement capacity of 316 first-year dental students who carefully recorded them on each other. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This early exacting clinical experience was closely supervised by the authors in Columbus, Ohio during 1969-70. Five vertical and six horizontal distances were measured on each subject's face. An ala-tragus line and an occlusal line were drawn on the left side of the face to determine if these two lines were parallel. Measurements of mandibular movements involved maximum normal and hinge opening at the incisors and maximum amounts of right, left lateral and protrusive excursions of the mandible. RESULTS: The ala width and distance between the tips of upper right and left canine cusps averaged (35.2 mm and 34.8 mm) but with very large individual variations. The distance between ala to occlusal plane lines was 29.9 mm at the tragus and 31.3 mm near the ala. The angle between orbitale and ala-tragus averaged 13.6 degrees. CONCLUSION: The upper lip length was the most variable and the distance between the pupils was the most stable of the eleven facial measurements. The ala-tragus line and the occlusal plane lines were for all practical purposes parallel. Maximum jaw opening averaged 51.2 mm which was 3.0 times larger than maximal hinge opening of 17.2 mm. The maximum right plus left side jaw excursions (9.2 and 9.4 mm) totaled 18.6 mm, 2.3 times more than the 8.0 mm mean maximum forward protrusion.
Anthropometry ; Dental Occlusion ; Humans ; Incisor ; Jaw ; Lip ; Mandible ; Ohio ; Pupil ; Students, Dental ; Young Adult*

With recent rise in medico-legal problems, there is also an increase in number of problems involved with anesthesia. Major causes of anesthetic accident are malfunctioning anesthetic machine and inappropriate gas flow and concentration of anesthetic gas, resulting from malfunctioning ventilatory circuit. Therefore, anesthesiologist needs an apparatus to determine the appropriateness of ventilation and a monitoring system to measure a concentration of inspired O2 and inhalation anesthetics. To prevent circulatory and respiratory abnormalities and to promote the safty during anesthesia, we used the SARA monitoring system, as an indicator of safty measure. We monitored the anesthesia machines (n=17), using in operating room in Shinchon Severance hospital, by using the SARA monitoring system which was connected to the distal portion of endotracheal tube. We intended to analysis the relationships between anesthetic machines, vaporizers, ventilators and parameters measured form each machine, in clinical use. The results were as follows; 1) Average used year of anesthesia machines was 7.7 years, that of vaporizers was 7.6 years and that of ventilator's was 4.0 years. 2) When vaporizers dial was fixed at enflurane 2.0%, average measured-FiEnf was 2.02+/-0.22%, equal to dial setting and average FiEnf was 1.70+/-0.25%, usually lower than dial setting. 3) In some anesthesia machines, CO2 rebreathing occured always during ansthesia and FiEnf & FeEnf were decreased in case of CO2 rebreathing. 4) FiEnf by vaporizers was decreased as following orders, Draeger, Ohio and Cyprene.
Anesthesia* ; Anesthetics, Inhalation ; Enflurane ; Nebulizers and Vaporizers ; Ohio ; Operating Rooms ; Ventilation ; Ventilators, Mechanical

PURPOSE: To compare the effect on visual performance of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) with mesopic contrast sensitivity using CSV-1000S in excimer laser refractive surgery using the broad beam type and manual microkeratome. METHODS: Postoperative visual performance for 40 eyes undergoing PRK and 40 eyes undergoing LASIK was compared with mesopic contrast sensitivity at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively using the CSV 1000 (VectorVision, Ohio, USA). Eyes were divided into two groups: less than 6.0 D and over 6.25 D. Mesopic contrast sensitivity was performed with the patient's uncorrected-visual acuity of 20/20 or better under photopic condition. RESULTS: Under mesopic conditions a significant decrease in contrast sensitivity for the postoperative PRK and LASIK group was obtained at all spatial frequencies compared to the preoperative baseline (p<0.05). At 6 months postoperatively, LASIK decreased mesopic contrast sensitivity significantly more than PRK in myopia below -6.0 D, especially at the middle and high spatial frequencies of 6, 12, and 18 cpd (p<0.05). However, there were not statistically significant differences in mesopic contrast sensitivity between PRK and LASIK in myopia above -6.25 D (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In the broad beam excimer laser, in cases of myopia with below 6.0 D, PRK seemed to have a more significant effect on mesopic contrast sensitivity than LASIK using manual microkeratome at postoperative 6 months.
Contrast Sensitivity* ; Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ ; Lasers, Excimer ; Myopia ; Ohio ; Photorefractive Keratectomy ; Refractive Surgical Procedures

This study was aimed at determining the effect of an integrated group balance class for community-dwelling older adults within entry-level physical therapist coursework on student perceptions of geriatric physical therapy and geriatric physical therapy education. Twenty-nine Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students, 21–33 years old, in their second year of coursework in 2012, participated in an integrated clinical experience with exposure to geriatric patients at an outpatient facility at the Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Akron, Ohio, USA. Student perceptions were collected before and after participation in the 8-week balance class. The Wilcoxon sign-ranked test was used to identify differences in perceptions after participation in the group balance class. Cohen's d-values were calculated to measure the size of the pre-participation to post-participation effect for each measure. At the conclusion of the group class, the DPT students demonstrated an increase in positive perceptions of geriatric physical therapy in 8 measures, with small effect sizes (d=0.15–0.30). Two perceptions of geriatric physical therapy demonstrated a significant positive increase (P<0.05) with moderate effect sizes (d=0.47 and d=0.50). The students’ perceptions of geriatric education in the curriculum demonstrated a large positive effect for quality (d=1.68) and enjoyment (d=1.96). Positive changes were found in most of the perceptions of geriatrics and geriatric education after participation, suggesting that integrated clinical experiences with geriatric patients are an effective way to positively influence perceptions of physical therapist practice with older adults.
Adult ; Curriculum ; Education* ; Geriatrics* ; Humans ; Independent Living ; Ohio ; Outpatients ; Physical Therapists ; United States* ; Veterans

This study was conducted by the Dept. of Preventive Medicine, Kyung-Hee University, School of Medicine as a preliminay test for the effects of Fluorine Compounds to the Plants from April through August, 1971. Fluorine was measured with Zirconium-Alizarine method and the following findings could be obtained : 1. Most high densities (25.7pptm) was found around the industrial areas and lowest (19.3pptm) around residential sections in Seoul. 2. Average density of Fluorine in the atmosphere of Seoul City was 22.3 pptm which can damage such plants as Pine, Strawberry, Peach and Grapes. 3. Fluorine contests (22.3pptm) in Seoul area atmosphere of shows about 4 times more than that of Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.
Air Pollutants* ; Atmosphere ; Fluorine Compounds* ; Fluorine* ; Fragaria ; Humans ; Ohio ; Preventive Medicine ; Prunus persica ; Seoul ; Vitis