No abstract available.
Odds Ratio*

The objective of this study was to describe the general approaches of dose-response meta-analysis (DRMA) available for the quantitative synthesis of data using the R software. We conducted a DRMA using two types of data, the difference of means in continuous data and the odds ratio in binary data. The package commands of the R software were “doseresmeta” for the overall effect sizes that were separated into a linear model, quadratic model, and restricted cubic split model for better understanding. The effect sizes according to the dose and a test for linearity were demonstrated and interpreted by analyzing one-stage and two-stage DRMA. The authors examined several flexible models of exposure to pool study-specific trends and made a graphical presentation of the dose-response trend. This study focused on practical methods of DRMA rather than theoretical concepts for researchers who did not major in statistics. The authors hope that this study will help many researchers use the R software to perform DRMAs more easily, and that related research will be pursued.
Hope ; Linear Models ; Odds Ratio

The objective of this study was to describe the general approaches of dose-response meta-analysis (DRMA) available for the quantitative synthesis of data using the R software. We conducted a DRMA using two types of data, the difference of means in continuous data and the odds ratio in binary data. The package commands of the R software were “doseresmeta” for the overall effect sizes that were separated into a linear model, quadratic model, and restricted cubic split model for better understanding. The effect sizes according to the dose and a test for linearity were demonstrated and interpreted by analyzing one-stage and two-stage DRMA. The authors examined several flexible models of exposure to pool study-specific trends and made a graphical presentation of the dose-response trend. This study focused on practical methods of DRMA rather than theoretical concepts for researchers who did not major in statistics. The authors hope that this study will help many researchers use the R software to perform DRMAs more easily, and that related research will be pursued.
Hope ; Linear Models ; Odds Ratio

BACKGROUND: The diabetic patients have a tendency to develop onychomycosis more frequently than non-diabetic populations have. The overall risk ratio of individuals with diabetes having onychomycosis is 2.77 compared with age- and sex- matched non-diabetic controls. OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to find out whether the nail growth rates of diabetic patients are more slower than those of non-diabetic persons with or without onychomycosis and to observe the differences of the toenail growth rates according to the affected area of onychomycosis (less than 50% and more than 50%) within the diabetic and non-diabetic groups respectively. METHOD: The growth rates of the great toenails of 74 diabetic patients and 121 non-diabetic controls with or without onychomycosis were measured. To compare the toenail growth rates between the two groups, we classified the patients in each group into 3 subgroups according to the presence and degree of onychomycosis. Thus the two groups were divided into 6 groups. RESULTS: The growth rates of diabetic toenails without onychomycosis were slower than those of non-diabetic controls with statistical significance (p< 0.05). And the growth rates of the great toenails in non-diabetic patients were more slower according to their affected area, so to say, the more, the slower (p< 0.05). But, in diabetic patients, the growth rates of the great toenails were not different according to the affected area of onychomycosis (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION: Slow nail growth may play a role in the development of onychomycosis because the nail growth rate was slower in diabetic patients than non-diabetics. But the treatment of onychomycosis in diabetic patients should be encouraged because the toenail growth rates are not different statistically between diabetic and non-diabetic patients when the great toenails are affected.
Diabetes Mellitus ; Humans ; Nails* ; Odds Ratio ; Onychomycosis*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Mini-probe endoscopic ultrasonography (mEUS) is a useful diagnostic tool for accurate assessment of tumor invasion. The aim of this study was to estimate the accuracy of mEUS in patients with early colorectal cancer (ECC). METHODS: Ninety lesions of ECC underwent mEUS for pre-treatment staging. We divided the lesions into either the mucosal group or the submucosal group according to the mEUS findings. The histological results of the specimens were compared with the mEUS findings. RESULTS: The overall accuracy for assessing the depth of tumor invasion (T stage) was 84.4% (76/90). The accuracy of mEUS was significantly lower for submucosal lesions compared to mucosal lesions (p=0.003) and it was lower for large tumors (> or =2 cm) (p=0.034). The odds ratios of large tumors and submucosal tumors affecting the accuracy of T staging were 3.46 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05 to 11.39) and 6.25 (95% CI, 1.85 to 25.14), respectively. When submucosal tumors were combined with large size, the odds ratio was 14.67 (95% CI, 1.46 to 146.96). CONCLUSIONS: The overall accuracy of T stage determination with mEUS was considerably high in patients with ECC; however, the accuracy decreased when tumor size was >2 cm or the tumor had invaded the submucosal layer.
Colorectal Neoplasms ; Endosonography ; Humans ; Odds Ratio

OBJECTIVES: Working conditions can exert influence on the physical, mental, and even social health of workers. Well-being is an appropriate index for the evaluation of a person's overall health. This paper investigated the association between various working conditions and worker's well-being. METHODS: Data from 10,019 interviews were collected from the second wave of the Korean Working Conditions Survey (2010) conducted by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency between June and October 2010. The data from 5,995 employed workers were examined in this study. Well-being was measured through the WHO Five Well-Being Index (1998 version). Sociodemographic and working conditions were analyzed. Adjusted odds ratios for well-being were calculated with adjusted sociodemographic factors, working condition factors, or both. RESULTS: Workers' well-being was significantly higher when they were satisfied with their working conditions (OR = 1.656, 95% CI = 1.454-1.885), when their actual working hours were the same as their anticipated working hours (OR = 1.366, 95% CI: 1.120-1.666) or exceeding less than 10 hours (OR = 1.245, 95% CI: 1.004-1.543), and when their employment was stable (OR = 1.269, 95% CI: 1.098-1.467). CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the association between working condition factors and well-being in workers.
Employment ; Korea ; Occupational Health ; Odds Ratio

OBJECTIVE: Presenteeism has become a public concern recently. Thus, we aimed to understand the relationship between self-employed workers and presenteeism using a nationally representative sample of Korean workers. METHODS: Using data from the Korean Working Conditions Survey conducted in 2011, a total of 43,392 workers including paid employees and self-employed workers were analyzed. The effect of employment status on presenteeism was analyzed using logistic regression analysis. The independent variables were socioeconomic characteristics, working conditions, and working environments. RESULTS: Among the 43,392 workers, 34,783 were paid and 8,609 were self-employed. Self-employed workers were more likely to exhibit presenteeism than were paid workers. An elevated odds ratio of 1.27 (95% CI 1.19-1.36) was found for presenteeism among self-employed workers. CONCLUSION: Being self-employed was significantly related with exhibiting presenteeism. Additional research should investigate whether other factors mediate the relationship between employment status and presenteeism as well as ways to reduce presenteeism among self-employed workers.
Absenteeism ; Employment ; Logistic Models ; Odds Ratio

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to integrate the results of community based studies which assessed a relationship between depression and alcoholism by meta-analysis. METHODS: We identified the previons studies and included in meta-analysis by searching MEDLINE. Overall, 21 results of the studies for relationship between depression and alcoholism were selected for quantitative meta-analysis. Before the integration of the each effect size of the relationship between depression and alcoholism, a homogeneity test was conducted. For the publication bias, we also conducted the analyses of funnel plot, normal quantile plot, rank correlation test and the fail-safe n. RESULTS: We used the random effect model to estimate the overall effect size, because the homogeneity of studies was rejected in a fixed effect model. Our quantitative meta-analysis yielded that integrated odds ratio between depression and alcoholism was 2.42 (95% C.I. 1.98-2.97). From the results of analyses of the publication bias, the probability of publication bias is considered low. CONCLUSION: The published evidences suggested that there may be a significant positive relationship between depression and alcoholism.
Alcoholism* ; Depression* ; Odds Ratio ; Publication Bias

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to integrate the results of community based studies which assessed a relationship between depression and alcoholism by meta-analysis. METHODS: We identified the previons studies and included in meta-analysis by searching MEDLINE. Overall, 21 results of the studies for relationship between depression and alcoholism were selected for quantitative meta-analysis. Before the integration of the each effect size of the relationship between depression and alcoholism, a homogeneity test was conducted. For the publication bias, we also conducted the analyses of funnel plot, normal quantile plot, rank correlation test and the fail-safe n. RESULTS: We used the random effect model to estimate the overall effect size, because the homogeneity of studies was rejected in a fixed effect model. Our quantitative meta-analysis yielded that integrated odds ratio between depression and alcoholism was 2.42 (95% C.I. 1.98-2.97). From the results of analyses of the publication bias, the probability of publication bias is considered low. CONCLUSION: The published evidences suggested that there may be a significant positive relationship between depression and alcoholism.
Alcoholism* ; Depression* ; Odds Ratio ; Publication Bias

The purpose of the study was to find out the age-adjusted odds ratio of the metabolic syndrome and the associated cut-off values of the physical fitnessfactors of the elderly males in their 60s and 70s. 477 participants were tested for the cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), power, flexibility as well as blood battery and abdominal circumference for the metabolic syndrome status. As a result, 32.2% of the participants had metabolic syndrome with the associated cut-off values of the power and flexibility as 29.0 cm (areas under curve [AUC]: 0.57, p=0.029) and 0.6 cm (AUC: 0.54, p=0.028), respectively. The cardiorespiratory fitness showed no significant difference prevalence rate between groups. The prevalence rate was calculated by dividing the participants into high and low groups. The metabolic syndrome prevalence rate for the low power group was 1.63 (p<0.030) and low flexibility group was 2.01 (p<0.002). The cardiovascular fitness showed no significant prevalence rate.
Aged ; Humans ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Pliability ; Prevalence