3D histology is a imaging system for the 3D structural information of cells or tissues. The synchrotron radiation propagation phase contrast micro-CT has been used in 3D imaging methods. However, the simple phase contrast micro-CT did not give sufficient micro-structural information when the specimen contains soft elements, as is the case with many biomedical tissue samples. The purpose of this study is to develop a new technique to enhance the phase contrast effect for soft tissue imaging. Experiments were performed at the imaging beam lines of Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL). The biomedical tissue samples under frozen state was mounted on a computer-controlled precision stage and rotated in 0.18° increments through 180°. An X-ray shadow of a specimen was converted into a visual image on the surface of a CdWO4 scintillator that was magnified using a microscopic objective lens (X5 or X20) before being captured with a digital CCD camera. 3-dimensional volume images of the specimen were obtained by applying a filtered back-projection algorithm to the projection images using a software package OCTOPUS. Surface reconstruction and volume segmentation and rendering were performed were performed using Amira software. In this study, We found that synchrotron phase contrast imaging of frozen tissue samples has higher contrast power for soft tissue than that of non-frozen samples. In conclusion, synchrotron radiation propagation phase contrast cryo-microCT imaging offers a promising tool for non-destructive high resolution 3D histology.
Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Octopodiformes ; Synchrotrons*

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare the inter-individual variability and normal limits of Humphrey SITA and Octopus TOP which were recently developed for shortening test time and decreasing the patient's fatigue. METHODS: Humphrey SITA and Octopus TOP tests were performed on 100 normal Korean subjects and their test results were analyzed. RESULTS: The average test duration was 294.02+/-29.61 seconds in SITA and 147.93+/-9.78 seconds in TOP. There was no significant difference between the two perimetric tests in MD (mean deviation), but PSD (pattern standard deviation) of TOP program was significantly higher than that of SITA (P< 0.01). Mean sensitivity of SITA was 30.15+/-1.00 dB and that of TOP was 26.79+/-1.11 dB, so mean sensitivity of SITA was about 3 dB higher than that of TOP. In topographical map, averaged threshold sensitivity decreased with the eccentricity in both perimetries. Topographically, SITA showed the more regularly increasing standard deviation of threshold sensitivity toward periphery of visual field, but TOP showed the irregular pattern of distribution of the standard deviation. Most of the subjects (88.8%) replied that they were more comfortable with the TOP than the SITA program because of the shorter test time. CONCLUSION: Inter-individual variability in the normal Korean subjects was smaller in Humphrey SITA than Octopus TOP program, but Octopus TOP had the advantage of shorter duration of the test and lower fatigue.
Fatigue ; Octopodiformes* ; Visual Field Tests* ; Visual Fields

Dynamic strategy(DS) is a fast threshold algorithm for the Octopus 101 perimeter. To analyze the efficiency of DS, we compared the results of visual field measurements using DS and conventional normal strategy(NS). Subjects comprised 60 eyes of 30 normal individuals in the 3rd decade who has not experienced perimetry before. Program G2 was performed on all subjects at random and enough intervals between the two tests(more than 1 hour). Mean testing time was 1047.63+/-219.38 seconds in NS and 684.98+/-130.95 seconds in DS. Testing time reduction rate was 32.69+/-14.35% on average. Mean defect(MD) was 2.80+/-1.02dB, 2.15+/-0.94dB in the two strategies, respectively. Corrected loss variance(CLV) was 1.31+/-0.50dB2 and 1.03+/-0.61dB2 in each test. There was significant difference in MD and CLV statistically(P<0.01). Mean short term fluctuation(SF) was 1.38+/-0.49dB and 1.45+/-0.50 dB; mean reliability factor(RF) was 2.05+/-2.73% and 1.98+/-2.80% in the two strategies, respectively. There was no significant difference in SF and RF statistically(P>0.01). It took less time with DS than NS in Octopus 101 perimeter, but further study will be needed for clinical application of DS.
Octopodiformes* ; Visual Field Tests ; Visual Fields

PURPOSE: To investigate Traquair's "hill of vision" of the normal Korean subjects in the photopic and mesopic background. METHODS: Automated perimetry was performed in 152 normal subjects using Humphrey 24-2 SITA standard (photopic background, n=100) and Octopus G1 full threshold (mesopic background, n=52) program. We calculated and compared the threshold sensitivity and sensitivity deviation of the visual field by the fashion of the superior/inferior hemi-field, temporal/nasal hemi-field, quadrant, and 5 degrees ring. RESULTS: In Humphrey, average mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD) were -1.22+/-0.86 and 1.43+/-0.33 dB, respectively. In Octopus, average MD and PSD were -3.39+/-1.39 and 1.67+/-0.23 dB, respectively. In both Humphrey and Octopus, the average threshold sensitivity of the inferior hemi-field was slightly higher than that of the superior hemi-field. There was no significant difference between the nasal and temporal hemi-field. The sensitivity was decreased with increasing the eccentricity. In the deviation map of the Humphrey, there were no significant differences in the comparisons of the hemifield, quadrant, and 5 degrees ring. In Octopus, there were no significant differences in the comparisons of the hemifield and quadrant. However, the sensitivity deviation was peaked at the fixation point and decreased with increasing the eccentricity. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the normal Korean subjects may have lower sensitivity than the normal age-matched controls of the automated perimetry, especially in the Octopus perimetry. In addition, this study suggests that the shape of the Traquair's "hill of vision" in the normal Korean subjects might be similar to that of the normal age-matched controls in Humphrey perimetry which was performed in photopic background, but it might be flatter in Octopus perimetry which was performed in mesopic background.
Octopodiformes ; Visual Field Tests ; Visual Fields*

The Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer and The Octopus Visual Field Analyzer in Early Primary Open Angle Glaucoma Visual field measurements are useful tool not only for diagnosis but also for management ealuation of early glaucoma. To know the relationship between the results of visual field which were performed by the Humphrey and the Octopus, the 25 disc data which have shown the general reduction of sensitivity on two continuous separate sessions in Humphrey viual field analyzer were transmitted into the Peridata Standard Printout Mode of GIX program on the Octopus 1-2-3. We compared the aspect of Bebie curve of Octopus 1-2-3 and the difference of the global indices between Humphrey and Octopus in the basically input data of age related standard sensitivity of visual field. The general reduction of sensitivity in Humphrey visual field analyzer showed the sensitivity loss in Bebie curve of Octopus 1-2-3(p<5%). In the statistical analysis of Global indices between the two field analyzers there were no differences in the MD and PSD(p>0.05) but were difference the CPSD and SF(p<0.05). In the comparison of the correlation on global indices between the two field analysis. MD and PSD were closely correlated r=0.657, PSD r=0.697, p<0.001), CPSD and SF were statistically correlated(p<0.001) but had lower correlation coefficients(CPSD r=0.478, SF r=0.389). Thus we conclude that there are little differences between the results of two field analyzers.
Diagnosis ; Glaucoma ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle* ; Octopodiformes* ; Visual Fields*

To determine the normal interindividual variability of global visual field indices in normal subjects and investigate the correlations of visual field changes with intraocular pressure and myopic degrees, OCTOPUS 2000R automated perimetry was tested in 70 eyes of 40 normal subjects who had undergone one previous visual field on two separate sessions. The average value of Mean Defect(MD) was 3.83 +/- 1.15dB. Three eyes(4.3%) were within 2dB of the normal. In the statistical analysis of Global indices between the 1st and the 2nd fields. there were no differences(p>0.05). MD and myopic degrees showed a significant positive correlation (r=0.237, p<0.05). These results indicate that visual field indices should be interpreted with caution and used as one adjunctive parameter with other clinical findings.
Intraocular Pressure ; Myopia ; Octopodiformes* ; Visual Field Tests ; Visual Fields

Choking death means an asphyxiation by blockage of the internal air passages. If it is occurred while eating, it is also called 'Caf? Coronary' syndrome because it seems like acute heart attack due to coronary obstruction. Most chokings are accidental in manners but it may be homicidal although it is relatively uncommon. There is no specific autopsy findings indicative of choking. Therefore autopsy examination should not only attempt to demonstrate airway occlusion by a bolus of food or foreign body, but also to identify underlying risk factors such as an acute intoxication, denture or poor dentition, and neurologic disease. The age range of victims of present cases was 42-59 years old and blood alcohol concentration was in the range of 0.225%-0.32%. The items choked on was a small octopus, a small plastic bottle and a lump of raw meat. The authors describe autopsy findings, including location of obstruction, and risk factors in cases.
Airway Obstruction* ; Autopsy* ; Dentition ; Dentures ; Eating ; Foreign Bodies ; Heart ; Meat ; Octopodiformes ; Plastics ; Risk Factors

PURPOSE: Kinetic automated perimetric tests were performed with OCTOPUS 101 perimeter using Goldmann module. Normal isopter positions in the peripheral visual field were visualized by the average position +/- 2 standard deviations. METHODS: We examined 102 eyes of 51 normal healthy Koreans who had no family history of glaucoma, no specific ophthalmologic disease, best corrected visual acuity more than 1.0 and normal intraocular pressure less than 21 mmHg with OCTOPUS 101 perimeter using Goldmann module in 5 isopters (I1e, I2e, I3e, I4e, II4e) at 8 meridians (0degree, 45degrees, 90degrees, 135degrees, 180degrees, 225degrees, 270degrees, 315degrees). RESULTS: The visual field was oval shape, and widest at the inferotemporal area, followed by temporal, and inferior. CONCLUSIONS: The normal position of 4 isopters can be used as a reference index for the peripheral visual field test.
Glaucoma ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Meridians ; Octopodiformes* ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Field Tests ; Visual Fields* ; Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy

Vagal nerve activity has been known to play a crucial role in the induction and maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, it is unclear how the distribution and concentration of local acetylcholine (ACh) promotes AF. In this study, we investigated the effect of the spatial distribution and concentration of ACh on fibrillation patterns in an in silico human atrial model. A human atrial action potential model with an ACh-dependent K+ current (I(KAch)) was used to examine the effect of vagal activation. A simulation of cardiac wave dynamics was performed in a realistic 3D model of the atrium. A model of the ganglionated plexus (GP) and nerve was developed based on the "octopus hypothesis". The pattern of cardiac wave dynamics was examined by applying vagal activation to the GP areas or randomly. AF inducibility in the octopus hypothesis-based GP and nerve model was tested. The effect of the ACh concentration level was also examined. In the single cell simulation, an increase in the ACh concentration shortened APD90 and increased the maximal slope of the restitution curve. In the 3D simulation, a random distribution of vagal activation promoted wavebreaks while ACh secretion limited to the GP areas did not induce a noticeable change in wave dynamics. The octopus hypothesis-based model of the GP and nerve exhibited AF inducibility at higher ACh concentrations. In conclusion, a 3D in silico model of the GP and parasympathetic nerve based on the octopus model exhibited higher AF inducibility with higher ACh concentrations.
Acetylcholine* ; Action Potentials ; Atrial Fibrillation* ; Autonomic Nervous System ; Computer Simulation* ; Ganglion Cysts ; Humans* ; Octopodiformes

Automated static perimeters, which are commonly used for early diagnosis and follow-up of glaucoma patients in Korea, are manufactured overseas, and their basic data were obtained from foreigners and normal values were set to meet them. Therefore, verification of validity of those data should precede their application to Koreans. We compared the mean normal values of standard indices of OCTOPUS 101 automated static perimeter with the values obtained from 140 eyes of 70 healthy Koreans using normal strategy(NS)and dynamic strategy(DS). Mean navlues of mean defect(MD), loss variance(LV), corrected loss variance(CLV), and short-term fluctuation(SF)were: 2.84+/-0.85dB, 2.15+/-0.54dB, 1.22+/-0.42dB, 1.43+/-0.22dBwith NS, and 2.05+/-0.81dB, 1.98 +/-0.58dB, 0.97+/-0.49dB, 1.43+/-0.24dB, repectively with DS. With NS, 114 of 140 eyes (81. 4%)were out of the normal range of MD. With DS, 67 of 140 eyes(47. 9%)were out of normal range of MD, and 2 of 140 eyes(1. 4%)were out of the normal range of SF. Values of the other indices were within normal range of both strategies. Statistical analysis of global indices showed that age was significantly correlated with LV, CLV and SF in NS(P<0.05), and that it was also correlated with LV and CLV in DS(P<0.05). These results suggest that both race and age should be taken into acoount in interpretation of visual fields on automated static perimetry.
Continental Population Groups ; Early Diagnosis ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Glaucoma ; Humans ; Korea ; Octopodiformes* ; Reference Values ; Visual Field Tests ; Visual Fields*